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Leather - This is one of the human organs that perform a protective role and a number of biological functions. The skin is covered by the whole body of a person, and depending on growth and weight, its area is from 1.5 to 2 m 2, and the weight of 4 to 6% of the mass of human (excluding hypoderma).

The article discusses the structure of the human skin, its structure and functions of each layer, how the skin cells are formed and updated and how to die.

Skin functions

The main purpose of the skin - This is of course protection against external environmental impact. But our skin is multifunctional and complex and takes part in a number of biological processes occurring in the body.

Basic skin functions:

• mechanical protection - The skin prevents soft tissues from mechanical exposure, radiation, microbes and bacteria, ingress of foreign bodies inside the tissues.
• ultraviolet defense - Under the influence of solar cure in the skin, melanin is formed as a protective reaction to an external unfavorable (with long stay in the sun) effect. Melanin causes temporary skin staining in a darker color. A temporary increase in the number of melanin in the skin, increases its ability to delay ultraviolet (delays more than 90% of radiation) and helps to neutralize the free radicals formed in the skin (performs the role of antioxidant).

• temoregulation- participates in the process of maintaining the constant temperature of the whole organism, due to the work of the sweat glands and thermal insulation properties of the layer hydrometerconsisting mainly of adipose tissue.
• tactile sensations - Due to the nerve endings and various kinds of receptors near the skin close to the surface, the person feels the impact of an external environment in the form of tactile sensations (touch), and also perceives changes in temperature.
• maintaining water balance - Through the skin, an organism, if necessary, per day can be isolated up to 3 liters of fluid through sweat glands.
• exchange processes - Through the skin, the body partially removes side products of their livelihoods (urea, acetone, bile pigments, salts, toxic substances, ammonia, etc.). Also, the body is able to absorb some biological elements from the environment (trace elements, vitamins, etc.), including oxygen (2% of the entire body gas exchange).
• synthesis of vitaminD.- Under the influence of ultraviolet radiation (sun), vitamin D is synthesized in the inner layers of the skin, which is later absorbed by the body for its needs.

Skin structure

The skin consists of three main layers:

• epidermis (Epidermis)
• dermis (Corium)
• hypodermis (Subcutis) or subcutaneous fatty fiber

In turn, each layer of skin consists of its individual structures and cells. Consider the structure of each layer in more detail.

Epidermis

Epidermis - This is the top layer of the skin, formed mainly based on keratin protein and consisting of five layers:

• horny - the topmost layer, consists of several layers of epithelium orinal cells, called corneocytes (horny plates), which contain insoluble keratin protein
• brilliant - consists of 3-4 rows of cells elongated in shape, with a circuit of an incorrect geometric shape containing eleuidin, from which in the future is formed keratin
• grainy- consists of 2-3 rows of cylindrical or cubic cells, and closer to the surface of the skin - rhombid
• spikeful - consists of 3-6 rows sophisticated keratinocytes, polygonal form
• basal - the lowest layer of epidermis, consists of 1 row of cells called basal keratinocytesand having a cylindrical form.

The epidermis does not contain blood vessels, so admission nutrients From the inner layers of the skin to the epidermis occurs Due to diffusion (penetration of one substance to another) tissue (intercellular) liquids from the layer of dermis in layers of epidermis.

Intercellular fluid - This is a mixture of lymph and blood plasma. It fills the space between the cells. In the intercellular space, the tissue fluid falls from the end loop of blood capillaries. There is constant metabolism between the fabric liquid and the circulatory system. Blood delivers nutrients into the intercellular space and removes the products of cells of cells by the lymphatic system.

The thickness of the epidermis is approximately equal to 0.07 - 0.12 mm, which is equal to the thickness of the simple paper sheet.

In some parts of the body, the thickness of the epidermis is slightly thicker and can be up to 2 mm. The most developed horny layer on the palms and soles, much thinner - on the abdomen, bending surfaces of the hands and legs, sides, the skin and genitals.

PH skin acidity is 3.8-5.6.

How is the growth of human skin cells

In the basal layer of the epidermis cell division occurs, their growth and subsequent movement to the outer corneum layer. As the cells are growing and approaching the horn layer, the keratin protein accumulates in it. Cells lose their core and basic organelles, turning into a "bag" filled with keratin. As a result, the cells die, and form the topmost layer of skin from the burned scales. These flakes with time are extended from the surface of the skin and are replaced with new cells.

The whole process from the generation of cells to its exfoliation from the surface of the skin, occupies an average of 2-4 weeks.

Permeability of the skin

The scales of which consists of the topmost layer of the epidermis are called - cornocytes. The scales of the horn layer (cornecitis) are interconnected by lipids consisting of ceramic and phospholipids. Due to the lipid layer, the horny layer is practically not penetrated for aqueous solutions, but solutions based on fat soluble substances are capable of penetrating through it.

Color of the skin

Inside the basal layer there are cells melanocytesthat allocate melanin - The substance from which the skin color depends. Melanin is formed from tyrosine in the presence of copper and vitamin ions, under the control of hormones allocated by the pituitary. The more melanin is contained in the same cell, the darker color of the skin of man. The higher the melanin content in the cell, the better the skin protects against the effects of ultraviolet radiation.

With intensive effects on the skin of ultraviolet radiation, the production of melanin increases sharply, which provides the tan skin.

The impact of cosmetics on the skin

Everything cosmetics and proceduresintended for skin care, act basically only on the top of the skin - epidermis.

Dermis

Dermis - This is an inner layer of skin, a thickness of 0.5 to 5 mm, depending on the body part. Derma consists of living cells, equipped with blood and lymphatic vessels, contains hair follicles, sweat glands, various receptors and nerve endings. The basis of cells in the dermis is fibroplastwhich synthesizes extracellular matrix, including collagen, hyaluronic Acid and Elastin.

The dermis consists of two layers:

• reticulate (Pars Reticularis) - applies to the base of the nobble layer to subcutaneous fatty fiber. Its structure is formed mainly from the beams of thick collagen fiberslocated parallel to the skin surface. The mesh layer contains lymphatic and blood vessels, hair follicles, nervous endings, glands, elastic, collagen and other fibers. This layer provides skin elasticity and elasticity.
• pARS PAPILLARISconsisting of amorphous structuretural substances and thin connective tissue (collagen, elastic and reticular) fibers forming nipples that occur between epithelial crests of spinged cells.

Hydrometer (subcutaneous fatty fiber)

Hypodermis - This is a layer consisting mainly of adipose tissue, which performs the role of heat insulator, preventing the body from temperature drops.

The hypoderma is accumulated by the nutrients necessary for skin cells, including fat-soluble vitamins (A, E, F, K).

The thickness of the hypoderma varies from 2 mm (on the skull) to 10 cm and more (on the buttocks).

With inflammatory processes in the hypoderma arising in the process of certain diseases, cellulite occurs.

Video: Skin structure

• The area of \u200b\u200bthe whole skin of an adult is 1.5 - 2 m 2
• In one square centimeter of the skin, contains:

• more than 6 million cells
• up to 250 glands, of which 200 sweat and 50 sail
• 500 different receptors
• 2 meters of blood capillaries
• up to 20 hair lows

• With an active load or high external temperature, the skin through sweat glands can allocate more than 3 liters of sweat per day
• Thanks to the constant updating of cells, we lose about 10 billion cells per day, this is a continuous process. Throughout life, we drop about 18 kilograms of the skin with oroging cells.

Skin cells and their function

The skin consists of a large number of different cells. To understand the processes occurring in the skin, it is good to have a common idea of \u200b\u200bthe cells themselves. Consider what the various structures are responsible. (Organly) in a cage:

• core cells - Contains hereditary information in the form of DNA molecules. Replication is replicated in the kernel - doubling (reproduction) DNA molecules and synthesis of RNA molecules on the DNA molecule.
• sheath kernel - Provides metabolism between cytoplasm and cell core
• nadryshko cells- It occurs synthesis of ribosomal RNA and Ribosomes

• cytoplasm - Semi-liquid substance that fills the inner space of the cell. Cellular metabolic processes in cytoplasm flow
• ribosomes - are necessary for the synthesis of amino acid proteins on a given matrix based on genetic information laid in RNA (ribonucleic acid)
• vesicle - Small formations (containers) inside the cell in which nutrients are inhibited or transported
• machine (complex) Golgji - This is a complex structure that participates in the synthesis, modifications, accumulation, sorting various substances inside the cell. Also performs the transportation functions synthesized in the cells, through the cell membrane, beyond its limits.
• mitochondria- The energy station of the cell, in which the oxidation of organic compounds and the release of energy during their decay occurs. Generates electrical energy in the human body. An important component of the cell, the change in the activity of which over time leads to the aging of the body.
• lysosomes - need to digest the nutrients inside the cell
• intercellular fluidfilling the space between cells and containing nutrients

In order to correctly determine the cause of inflammation, redness, the appearance of acne and acne, the structure of the skin of the face is studied. In cosmetology, the scheme clearly represents it in the form of rows of cells and blood vessels.

Skin layers

Skin has several functions, each of which performs a certain type of cells and the blood and lymphatic vessels suitable for them. The more active the processes of sharing, nutrition and breathing inside the cell, than the aesthetic face and body looks like. Careful study of the structure of the skin of the face by biologists and cosmetologists is carried out in order to identify causes and search for funds for the extension of youth and beauty. What is it from?

Building epidermis

The epidermis is the top layer of the skin that performs the protective function. Its thickness, depending on age and physiology, reaches 0.5-1, 5 mm, it consists of five layers:

• basal;
• hipgy
• grainy;
• brilliant;
• horny.

Basal - the lowest reservoir, in which embryos of new cells are formed and rose into the upper layers. The update and regeneration of the epidermis depends on the state and operation of the cells of this layer.

The horny - the upper layer, represented by extreme cells - scales, which are self-confined with time, or removed using scrubics.

The hipped layer received such a name due to its engaging structure, which are located in the epidermis in several rows (from 5 to 10).

Granular layer is 4-5 rows of keratinocytes involved in the synthesis of protein and maintaining water balance.

The brilliant layer is formed by flat cells that are sprinkled in a light-strain mass and responsible for the strength and elasticity of the skin.

Between these layers of cells there is an embelting liquid that delays moisture inside the cells, does not give it evaporate and does not miss foreign bodies.

The structure of the dermis

Deeper epidermis is a dermis. Consists of two layers: puff and mesh. They are permeated with blood and lymphatic vessels, glands. In the mesh row of cells there are hair follicles and nerve endings. But special interest from the point of view of cosmetology causes the fibers of collagen and elastane, which give the skin elasticity and continuity.

Through the network of capillaries of the dermis, the top layer receives food and oxygen. With age, the capillaries lose integrity and partially cease to perform their functions. As a result - the upper layer - the epidermis is not allowed nutrients and oxygen, thinning and covered with wrinkles.

There are components in the derma - fibroblasts that destroy damaged structures and reproduce new ones. This concerns collagen and hyaluronic acid fibers. Young skin has active fibroblasts, old - passive, so the formation of collagen in it slowed down. The dermis is littered with blood vessels, which, except for food, give the face pink shade.

The structure of the hypoderma

This is a series of fatty cells, capillaries and nerve fibers, as well as the interlayer of the connective tissue. In this layer, nutrients and vitamins are accumulated, which later enter the dermis and epidermis. Fast leather fading, dull color speak of the exhaustion of nutrient reserves. This problem is simply solved in terms of cosmetology. It suffices to take advantage of masks and sera of deep penetration with high concentration of amino acids, vitamins and other components.

Visual building scheme

To present the structure of the skin with all layers and inclusions, you can familiarize yourself with the scheme below. Here you can see that the main layer of the dermis. Two others are thinner. The lower fat is the energy drive, and the top creates a person's appearance.

On the face there are zones in which the structure of individual rows of cells is different. Well, it can be seen in the structure of the skin around the eyes.

In general, the skin performs a number of functions:

• protection against microbes and infections, adverse environmental factors;
• allocation of exchange products, sweat, sebum;
• thermoregulation;
• gas exchange or breathing;
• sensitivity due to numerous nerve endings.

The appearance of a person first reflects the structure of the skin of the face. A healthy person who feeds is right is enough in the fresh air, competently cares for himself, the face has a healthy color, tone, there are no deep mimic wrinkles, there are no rashes and redness. If an imbalance is developing in well-being, and the skin does not receive proper care, the aging processes are brewing quickly, and it is very difficult to reverse them.

• clean the epidermis regularly;
• fill the lack of moisture, vitamins, hyaluronic acid;
• do the massage;
• protect from external harmful effects (frost, wind, ultraviolet).

Systematic care and proper means help preserve youth and prevent the appearance of defects.

Elasticity, freshness, color and other characteristics of the face depends on the structure and state of all layers. So the pigment melanin, which responds to the dark color and the tan is formed and accumulated in the epidermis. Here are the pores, which are removed on the surface of sweat, slags and toxins.

The intercellular fluid in the upper rows of cells is represented by ceramic, cholesterol and fatty acids that are responsible for the type of skin. Thus, the predominance of fatty acids and cholesterol makes the surface of the face fat, and the low concentration of ceramides is dry and peeling. The correct balance of the intercellular fluid components makes the face of beautiful and elastic. You can achieve such a balance with the help of special creams and sera, as well as cosmetology procedures.

Tone and elasticity provide collagen fibers and hyaluronic acid located in the dermis. It has a whole network of collagen, the integrity and elasticity of which is responsible for youth. Hyaluronic acid is a polysaccharide that fills the space between collagen fibers. His main task is to bind liquid and prevent evaporation. After the discovery of this substance, cosmetic brands began to include it in the composition of rejuvenating and moisturizing facial and body care products.

A competent cosmetologist, knowing the scheme of the structure of the skin of the face, can determine in which of the layers the problem is localized and what needs to be taken to eliminate it. But individual characteristic is also important. In some people, due to hereditary factors, the skin is thin and pale, others are rude and dense, thirdly prone to fatness and the appearance of acne. Cosmetology - Science, which still needs to be discovered, and the starting point is the skin structure scheme.

The elderly and children are skin thinner than an adult. In children of the first months of life, the average thickness of the skin is 1 mm; aged 3 to 7 years old - 1-1.5 mm; From 7 to 14 years - 1.5-2 mm and only by 20-25 years it reaches 3 mm.

The skin in the natural holes (nose, mouth, the vagina, the rear pass, the urethra) goes into the mucous membrane.

The skin consists of 3 layers:

1) upper - epidermal or epidermis;

2) actually leather or dermis;

3) subcutaneous fatty fiber.

The epidermis is represented by a multi-layer flat ornamental epithelium. Due to the ability to energizing, or keratinization, the main cell element of the epithelium is called keratinocyte. In the epidermis, five cell layers are distinguished, each of which is a certain stage of differentiation (development) of keratinocytes.

The deepest layer is the basal, or the embryonic layer, borders the derma and consists of one row of cells. In the cytoplasm of keratinocyte, i.e. intracellular, there are dark brown or black pigment granules - melanin. In the lateral people, the pygment melanin is only in the cells of the basal layer. The dark-skinned persons are also found in the cells of the hipged layer, and in the horn layer. Melanocites are also located in the basal layer, which make up about 10-25% of the base layer cells and produce a pigment melanin. The ratio of melanocytes to keratinocytes in the epidermis is 1: 36. Black people and representatives of the white race, the number of melanocytes is approximately the same. Melanin participates in the processes of wound healing and protects the cells of the body from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation.

Among the basal (basic) keratinocytes there are tactile cells - Merkel cells (Merekel wheels). Especially many Merkel cells in the basal layer at the tips of the fingers, lips. Langerhans and Greensyne cells, or immune, together participate in the regulation of immune reactions in the skin. Langergans cells are capable of phagocytosis: exciting alien antigens and holding them on the surface, they provide immunological memory. Langerhans cells can synthesize biologically active substances: γ-interferon, interleukin-1, etc. Langerhans cells are distinguished by meth-enkefalin - an endogenous modulator (internal pathogen) of pain and a strong immune system stimulator. Above the basal layer is a hipped layer. Then there is a granular layer. On the palms and soles, the grainy layer consists of 3-4 rows, on other sections this layer is presented with 1-2 rows of cells. The grain layer cells lost the ability to share.

Flared, nuclear keratinocytes form a brilliant layer consisting of 3-4 cell rows. The brilliant layer is clearly visible on the skin of the palms, where the thick epithelium. The cells of the shiny layer contain eleidine, glycogen, oleic acid. The boundaries of the shiny layer cells are visible bad.

Non-surfactant outer part of the epidermis is a horny layer. The thick horny layer on the skin of the palms and soles, on the extensitive surface of the limbs. A more subtle - horny layer on the stomach, on the bending surface of the limbs, on the side surfaces of the body, especially thin on the skin of the eyelids and the external genital organs in men. The horny layer is represented by horny plates (scales, cornocytes) - cells located at the final stage of keratinization (oroging). The horny plates in the outer part of the epidermis are gradually discharged. This process is called the desquamation of the epithelium. Horn scales are two types: with loose and dense filling of keratin fibrils (fibers). Loose horny flakes are located closer to the grain layer, they can detect the remains of cellular structures (mitochondria, etc.); These scales are called T-cells. Dense horny flakes are surficial. The thickness of the horn layer depends:

1) on the reproduction rate and advancement in the vertical direction of keratinocytes;

2) From the speed of their rejection.

The entire process of skin renewal, i.e. the appearance, differentiation, ripening of keratinocyte, takes about 26-27 days. The main characteristics of the epidermis are shown in Table 2.

»Hyperkeratosis and acne
»Comedogenic cosmetics and acne
»SEMODEX subcutaneous tick
»Propionibacterium Acnes and PropioniBacterium Granulosum Propionibacterium
»Irritated leather and acne
»Heredity and acne
»Food and acne
»Medicines and acne
»Steroids and acne

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The skin is a fabric: elastic, porous, durable, waterproof, antibacterial, sensitive, which can maintain a heat balance, to protect against the harmful effects of the external environment, allocate fat, ensure the safety of the skin, produce odorous substances and restore (regenerate), and absorb Some necessary chemical elements and reject others, to protect our organism from the adverse effects of sunlight.

human human skin 3.8-5.6.

There are approximately 5 million hairs on the surface of the skin of a person. On each square centimeter of human skin accounts for an average of 100 pores and 200 receptors.

What layers of skin can cosmetics affect?

Since cosmetic can penetrate deeply (cosmeutic products), whether cosmetics make a dermis?

According to the laws of most countries, a cosmetics can only have an outdoor effect. This means that no cosmetic additives should reach the living layers of the skin and affect them. Cosmetic drugs can and are obliged to interact only with dead skin substances and under any circumstances should not reach its living layers and, moreover, to influence them. This is the purpose of cosmetics.

However, in the lower part of the epidermis there is no "damper" that prevents the penetration of substances into the depths of the dend (in the blood and lymphatic vessels). The presence of effective exchange between the epidermis and the dermis is confirmed by experimental data. Substances overcoming the trans -pidermal barrier, with a certain proportion of probability go to the blood and, in accordance with this, can affect all organism tissues.

What substances are able to penetrate deep into the skin, overcome the trans-pyermal barrier and fall into the dermis?

It has been proven that deep into the skin penetrates: Naital, caffeine, nitroglycerin, essential oils (are enhancers, they are found in the bloodstand), WIT E is delayed at the junction of the epidermis and dermis, the hyilaurion acid 30 minutes after the applique reaches the dermis, and then falls Blood (Source: Journal of Investigative Dermatology). Scientists from the University of Rochester (University of Rochester Medical Center) came to the conclusion that nanoparticles that are part of sunscreen penetrate deep into the skin. Liposomes are nanoparticles that freely penetrate into the deep layers of the skin and deliver the necessary nutrients there.

Skin structure

The secret of an amazing skin multifunction is in its structure. The skin consists of 3 important layers:

• 1. External layer - epidermis,
• 2. Inner layer - Derma,
• 3. Subcutaneous base - hypoderma.

Each layer performs a specific function.

In various parts of the body, the thickness and color of the skin, the number of sweat, sebaceous glands, hair follicles and nerves of unequal.

It is believed that the skin thickness is only a few millimeters, but if the skin constantly needs protection, it becomes thicker, this is a protective mechanism that everyone has. Therefore, in some places, the skin is thicker, in some thinner. The soles and palms have a more dense epidermis and keratin layer.

As for the same hair, there are many hair follicles on the top of the top, and there is no one on the soles. The tips of the fingers and legs contain many nerves and are extremely sensitive to touch.

Manufacturing and properties of human skin: epidermis

The epidermis is the upper horny layer of the skin, which is formed by a multilayer epithelium. In the deep layers of the epidermis cells are alive, there are their division and gradual movement to the outer surface of the skin. The skin cells themselves die and turn into horny scales, which are exfoliated and removed from its surface.

The epidermis is almost impenetrable for water and solutions based on it. Life-soluble substances are better penetrated through the epidermis due to the fact that cell membranes contain a large amount of fats and these substances are "dissolved" in cell membranes.

There are no blood vessels in the epidermis, its nutrition occurs due to the diffusion of the tissue fluid from the subject to the dermis. The intercellular fluid is a mixture of lymph and plasma of blood flowing from finite capillar stakes and returning to the lymphatic and blood system under the influence of heart abbreviations.

What cells are the epidermis?

Most epidermis cells produce keratin. These cells are called keratinocytes (peeled, basal and grainy). Keratinocytes are in constant motion. Young keratinocytes appear in light when dividing germinal cells of the basal membrane, located on the border of the epidermis and dermis. As Keratinocyte matches, it moves to the upper layers, first in a hipped layer, then into the grainy. In this case, keratin is synthesized and accumulated in the cell, especially durable protein.

In the end, keratinocyte loses the kernels and basic organelles and turns into a flat "bag" packed with keratin. From now on, he receives a new name - "cornecit". Corneocytes are flat scales forming the horny layer (toned epidermis cells) responsible for the barrier function of the epidermis.

Cornocyte continues to advance upstairs and, reaching the skin surface, is exfoliated. His place is new. Usually the life path of keratinocyte lasts 2 -4 weeks. As a child, the process of updating the cells of the epidermis is more active, and slows down with age.

Corneocytes are bonded between themselves plastic "cement", consisting of a double layer of special lipids - ceramic (ceramides). Molecules ceramides (ceramides) And phospholipids have hydrophilic "heads" (fragments that loving water) and lipophilic "tailings" (fragments preferring fats).

Melanocytes are located in the basal layer of the skin (basal membrane) and produce melanin. These are cells that produce a pigment melanin, giving the skin color. Thanks to melanin, the skin protects a person to a large extent from radiation: infrared rays are completely delayed with skin, ultraviolet only partially. The formation of pigment spots depends on the state of the basal membrane.

There are in the epidermis and special langerhans cellswhich perform the function of protection against foreign bodies and microbes.

What is the thickness of the epidermis?

The thickness of the epidermis is approximately 0.07 - 0.12 millimeters (it is the thickness of a polyethylene film or a paper sheet), especially coarse skin of our body can reach a thickness of 2 mm.

The thickness of the epidermis is heterogeneous: it is different in different places. The fattest epidermis, with a pronounced burner layer is on the soles, slightly thinner - on the palms, even thinner - on the genitals and the skin of the eyelids.

For how many days is the full update of the epidermis?

The appearance of the skin, its freshness and color depends on the state of the epidermis. The epidermis consists of dead cells, new ones come to replace new ones. Thanks to the constant updating of cells, we lose about 10 billion cells per day, this is a continuous process. Throughout life, we discard about 18 kilograms of skin with oroging cells.

When the skin is exfoliated, it is cleared - this is the necessary process of refreshing the skin, in which all the substances are removed together with dead cells: the cells are removed from dust, microbes, substances released by sweating glands (along with then the urea, acetone, bile Pigments, salts, toxic substances, ammonia, etc.). and much more. The skin does not give the army of microbes to get to us: during the day our skin is attacked by 1 cm from 100 thousand, up to several millions of all sorts of microbes. However, if the skin is healthy, it becomes impermeable for them.

The younger skin and healthier, the more intense the process of its update takes place. New cells pushed old, old are washed off after we take shower, wash, sleep, wear clothes. With age, the cell update occurs more and less often, the skin begins to grow old, wrinkles appear.

The epidermis derma is separated by the basal membrane (it consists of elastin and collagen fibers) with a spike layer of continuously dividing cells, which are gradually moving from the basal membrane to the surface of the skin, where they are brushing and disappearing. The entire epidermis is updated with the entirely replaced by a completely new layer: the mole remains a birthmark, the snaps remain a holes, freckles in freckles, cells with accuracy at the genetic level reproduce, as the skin should look like in accordance with the individual characteristics of each particular person.

The process of movement of cells from the basal membrane to the plums and disappearing from the surface of the skin at a young age is 21-28 days, and then happening less and less. Starting from about 25 years of age, the skin renewal process becomes slower and increases to 35-45 days to 40th and 56-72 days after a 50-year boundary. This is the reason for the use of anti-aging and reducing drugs in a period of at least a month, and for more mature age - at least 2-3 months.

The process of dividing and promoting the cells of mature skin is not only slowed down, but also inhomogeneous on different squabors, which also affects the aesthetic Vij skin. If the leather cleansing cells are layered, the cell division process occurs more slowly, which leads to a more rapid aging of the skin. In addition, the layering of dead cells complicates the penetration of oxygen and nutrients into the skin.

How many layers contains epidermis?

The epidermis consists of 12-15 layers of the horn layer. However, depending on the building, the epidermis can be divided into five main zones (layers): basal, hipgy, grainy, brilliant and horny. The upper (outer) layer of the epidermis consists of already dead cells without nuclei, internal - from living cells that are still capable of dividing.

Fragments of a horn, brilliant and granular layers that do not have the ability to divide can be attributed to dead skin structures, and, accordingly, the boundary between "live and dead" substances should be located somewhere in a thorough-shaped layer.

1. Basal layer of epidermis (sprout)

The basal layer is the most approximate to the dermal inner layer of the epidermis. It consists of a prismatic single-row epithelium and a large number of elopal spaces.

The bulk of the cells here is keratinocytes containing chromatin and melanin.

Basal keratinocytes are located melanocytes containing a huge amount of melanin. Melanin is formed in these cells from tyrosine in the presence of copper ions. Regulates this process melanocystimulating hormone of pituitary gland, as well as catecholamines: adrenaline and norepinephrine; thyroxine, triiodothyronine and androgens. The synthesis of melatonin increases with the action on the skin of the ultraviolet. A considerable role in the synthesis of melanin is played by Vitamin C.

Among the cells of the basal epithelium there are some specific tactile cells (Merkel). They are larger than keratinocytes in size, contain osmophilic granules.

The basal layer ensures the attachment of the epidermis to the leather, and contains the cambial epithelial elements.

2. Spinish layer of epidermis (Stratum Spinosum)

Above the basal layer is a spinous (Stratum Spinosum). In this layer, keratinocytes are located in several layers.

The cells of the hipged layer are large, the form of them is incorrect, gradually becoming flattened when approaching the grain layer. The cells of the hipged layer contain spies in the places of intercellular contacts.

In the cytoplasm of hipged cells there are keratinosomes - granules containing lidides - ceramides. The cells of the hipged layer are isolated outwards of ceramides, which, in turn, fill the space between the cells in the above layers. Thus, a multi-layered flat ornamental epithelium becomes impenetrable for various substances.

In addition, the desplaomoms are also available here - specialized cell structures.

Keratinocytes in a hip-layer contain very little chromatin, so they are more pale. They have one feature: in their cytoplasm there are many special thin tonophybrilles.

3. Granular layer of epidermis (Stratum Granulosum)

Grainy (keratogial) layer (Stratum Granulosum) consists of peeled keratinocytes and processproof epidermocytes. It is assumed that these cells are "wandering" epidermal macrophages performing a protective function.

In the grain layer there are from 1-3 palms and 5-7 on the soles of layers of flat cells, closely adjacent to each other. Their oval cores are poor chromatin. The feature of the cells of the grain layer is peculiar grains in their cytoplasm, consisting of a substance close to the structure to DNA.

There are two main types of granules in the cytoplasm of the grain layer cells: keratoglyanovye and lamellar. The first is necessary for the formation of keratin, and the second ensure the moisture resistance of the skin by discharge of special lipid molecules onto its surface.

4. Brilliant (Eleidine, transparent) layer of epidermis (Stratum Lucidum)

The brilliant layer (Stratum Lucidum) is above grainy. This layer is thin enough, and it is clearly visible only in those areas where the epidermis is most expressed - on the skin of the palm and soles.

It is not on all sections of the skin, but only where the thickness of the epidermis is significant (palms and soles), and is completely absent on the face. Consists of 1-3 rows of flat cells, most of which do not contain nuclei.

Flat, homogeneous keratinocytes are the main cell elements of this layer. The brilliant layer is inherently transitional from living epithelial cells to burritable scales located on the surface of human skin itself.

5. Horny layer of epidermis (Stratum Corneum)

The horny layer (Stratum Corneum) is directly in contact with the external medium of the epidermis layer.

Its thickness varies on different areas of the skin, and quite significantly. The most developed horny layer on the palms and soles, much thinner - on the abdomen, bending surfaces of the hands and legs, sides, the skin and genitals.

The horny layer has only thin nuclear cells, tightly adjacent to each other. Horn scales consist of keratin - albuminoid substances, in excess of sulfur-containing sulfur, but there is little water. The scales of the horn layer are tightly connected to each other and provide a mechanical barrier for microorganisms.

The structure and properties of human skin: Derma

The dermis is an inner layer of skin whose thickness ranges from 0.5 to 5 mm, the largest on the back, shoulders, hips.

The derma is the hair follicles (of which the hair grows), as well as the huge amount of thinner blood and lymphatic vessels that provide food, reduce and relax blood vessels allows the skin to hold the heat (thermostat function). In the dermis there are pain and sensitive receptors and nerves (which are branched into all skin layers and are responsible for its sensitivity).

In the dermis, the functional glands of the skin are also located through which the excess of water and salts are removed (separation function): sweat (sweat) and saline (produce the skin). The sebaceous glands produce a necessary amount of sebum, which protects the skin from aggressive external influence: makes skin waterproof, bactericidal (skin fat along with then creates a sour medium on the surface of the skin, which adversely acts on microorganisms). Potion glands help maintain a constant body temperature, not allowing to overheat, cooling the skin by selection of sweat.

How many layers contains a derm?

The dermis includes two layers: it is mesh and puffy layers.

The mesh layer consists of loose connective tissue. This fabric includes extracellular matrix (we will talk about it in more detail below) and cell elements.

The puffing layer goes into the epidermis and forms skin nipples. These nipples create a special unique "drawing" of our skin and are particularly well visible on the pillows of the fingers and soles of our feet. It is the puffy layer that is responsible for "fingerprints"!

The basis of cells in the dermis is a fibroplast, which synthesizes extracellular matrix, including collagen, hyaluronic acid and elastin.

Extracellular matrix, what is it and what is it from?

In the sink of extracellular matrix, two main components include a fibrillating part and matrix.

Fibrillar part - These are the fibers of collagen, elastin, and reticulin, creating a skin frame. Collagen fibers are intertwined with each other, thus creating an elastic network. This network is located almost on the surface of the skin under the epidermis and is a cable, which gives the skin strength, elasticity.

In the facial zone, collagen fibers create a special thick network. Colhagenic fibers in it are so strictly laid and ordered that they form the lines of the smallest stretching. They are known under the name of Langer's lines. They are known to cosmetologists and masseurs: on Langer lines produce face massage and cause any cosmetics. This is done in order not to load the skin, do not stretch it, provoking the formation of wrinkles in this way.

In adolescence, the frame of collagen fibers is durable and able to ensure the mobility and flexibility of the skin, its elasticity and form. Unfortunately our female age is short ...

I really liked the comparison of the skin with the Soviet bed, which is based on a metal grid. The iron springs of the new bed are quickly returned to its original position, but the framework of the frame of the frame starts to sign and soon our bed loses the shape. Our skin also works - young springs (collagen fibers) are perfectly holding a form, but with age they savage and become flabby. What a great mattress we do not styling on the surface, it will not solve our problem.

Matrix (matrix or amorphous component) By its structure resembles a gel and consists of polysaccharides. More famous from polysaccharides are chitosan, algae polysaccharides, hyaluronic acid.

It is the components of the extracellular matrix both amorphous and fibrillary creates skin from the inside. Saccharides themselves do not form fibers, but they fill all the gaps between the connecting cells and the fibers. It is on them that there is intramaneal vehicles of all substances.

As a result, it is the state of the dermis (the water content in the polysaccharide gel, the integrity of collagen fibers, etc.) determines the state of the epidermis and a healthy skin view.

The structure and properties of human skin: hypoderma (subcutaneous fluid fiber)

Hydrometer - the subcutaneous base (fat layer) protects our body from excess heat and cold (allows us to delay heat inside us), performing the function of the thermal insulator, softens the drop from the shock.

Subcutaneous fluid fiber - vitamins

Fat cells are also a depot in which fat-soluble vitamins (A, E, F, K) may remain.

Less fat - more wrinkles

Subcutaneous fatty tissue is very important as a mechanical support for the outer layers of the skin. The skin in which this layer is poorly expressed, it usually has more wrinkles and folds, faster "aging."

The more fat, the more estrogen

An important function of adipose tissue is a hormone-producing. Fat fabric is able to accumulate estrogens and can even stimulate their synthesis (production). Thus, you can get into a closed circle: the more subcutaneous fat, the more estrogen is produced. This is especially dangerous for men, since estrogenic hormones suppress them from developing androgen, which can lead to the development of hypogonadism. This leads to a deterioration in the work of the genital glands and leads to a decrease in the development of male sex hormones.

It is very important for us to know that in the cells of the adipose tissue contains a special enzyme - aromatase. It is with its help and the process of estrogen synthesis with a fatty tissue is carried out. Guess where is the most active aromatase? That's right, in the fatty tissue on the hips and buttocks!

What is responsible for our appetite and a sense of saturation?

Our adipose tissue contains another very interesting substance - leptin. Leptin is a unique hormone that is responsible for the emergence of a saturation sense. Leptin allows our body to regulate appetite and through it the amount of fat in the subcutaneous tissue.

The usual skin is considered from the point of view of its aesthetic qualities, often forgetting that it is a vital organ with a special structure and a whole complex of functions. Its main purpose is the protection of internal organs and tissues from the impact of negative factors of the external environment.

The histological structure of the skin explains its unique properties. Appearance and condition plays an important role in the diagnosis of various violations. The skin studies not only the section anatomy - histology, but also such directions in medicine, like dermatology and cosmetology.

Soft, elastic tissue is resistant to temperature difference, various liquids, non-concentrated acids and alkalis. It is sensitive, but very durable, has a complex receptor system that convey the brain information about the state of the environment. One of its most important functions is aesthetic.

In the salons offer a wide range of services, with which it becomes possible to extend the youth and beauty. Only knowing the features of the structure of the skin, it is possible to provide it with the right, high-quality care.

Human skin consists of three layers, which are divided into smaller. Surface layer of skin - epidermis. This is a kind of barrier between the body and the outside world. It protects the body from external influence, signals about malfunctions in the functioning of the internal organs, requires a careful relationship and proper care.

Most of the cosmetics presented in the market and cosmetology procedures are aimed at maintaining an attractive appearance of the epidermis. His structure is very complex.

• The basal layer is located at the very bottom of the epidermis, adjacent to the derma, consists of cells containing 70% of water. Here are new cells, which are then rising into the upper layers. Basal or as it is also called - the sprout layer provides the normal course of regenerative processes in the tissues of the epidermis.
• The hipped layer is formed from the living cells with the core, which under the microscope look like small spikes. Its main purpose is to launch keratin synthesis processes.
• Granular layer is the most dense, here small cells are closely pressed to each other. They are responsible for moisturizing the skin, delay some substances, isolated the intercellular fat required for the compound of cornecitis. Granular, hipgy and basal layers together are called a malfeed layer, as they consist of living cells containing the kernel.
• The brilliant layer protects the skin from friction, wear, it consists of flat cells without a nucleus, available only on palms and soles.
• The horny layer of the skin consists of a large number of nuclear-free roots, in which metabolic processes do not occur. There is a bond between cells, providing skin-covering reliable protection against the negative effects of external factors.

The topmost layer of the skin is a thin film consisting of small horny scales connected by intercellular lipids. The latter have powerful moisture-repellent properties, protect the skin from dehydration and penetrate fluid from the outside. In the process of development of the corneal cell, organia and kernel have lost, turning into scales.

Cosmetics consist of alien organisms of substances, so when contacting them, the outer layer of the skin weakens, which is fraught with loss of moisture and other unpleasant manifestations. High-quality caring products are able to give the upper layer of the epidermis elasticity and elasticity, moisten it.

Corneocytes or horny flakes throughout their lives are mechanically exposed to friction and other factors that affect them not well, they wear out and replaced by new ones.

Derma features

Derma and there is an actual leather protected by an epidermis. These two large layers connect the basal membrane. The structure of the dermis is organized in a special way. It contains lymphatic and blood vessels that ensure full-fledged cell power.

The average layer of leather is formed from collagen fibers, which provide him with elasticity and necessary rigidity, and elastin fibers - elasticity, the ability to stretch and return to its original position.

Intervoloconte of the dermis is filled with a specific substance resembling gel. Basically, it is hyaluronic acid. She is responsible for holding moisture in cells. Man's skin, that is, the deme itself, consists of two layers.

• The puffy layer is a loose connective tissue that was formed from elastic, reticular and collagen fibers. Here are the follicles, of which the hairs grow, sweat glands. The distinction of this layer of the dermis is that it has a complex vascular system that resembles a dense grid of small capillaries. They diverge and connect, nourish cells, saturated with their oxygen.
• The base of the mesh layer is a dense connecting tissue, consisting of fibroblasts and dermal melanocytes, which do not have the ability to synthesize the pigment melanin. This ball of the dermis is designed to ensure the strength of the skin.

The structure of the skin of the face in cosmetology plays an important role, as it allows specialists to develop effective means and techniques to ensure high-quality, full-fledged skin care, slowdown in age and destructive processes in it.

Derma and epidermis cells under the influence of certain factors are damaged and replaced by new ones. Regeneration processes are slowed down, which causes the formation of wrinkles, irregularities, loss of clarity of the contour and other defects.

Changes in the epidermis, dermis and hypoderma changes are due to the age characteristics of the structure and skin functions. The older the person becomes, the slower the skin is updated, damaged cells are accumulated inside, which causes the loss of elasticity and elasticity.

Fat and muscle tissue

A special set of functions is performed by a lipid skin layer consisting of fat cells. It is also called the hypoderma or subcutaneous fatty tissue. This is the stock of useful necessary for normal life-cleaning, nutrients, support for the dermis, storage energy. And this inner skin layer is involved in the synthesis of some genital hormones, softens the mechanical load on the body, gives the forms of elasticity, bulge.

The lipid layer is a fabric that consists of a plurality of small lobes, circulating vessels pass inside it. Due to the irregular nutrition, drinking alcoholic beverages, smoking, flowing in the body of pathological processes This layer suffers dystrophic changes (fat in slices accumulates in excess, the partitions are thickened, inflammation and ethnicity may occur). This necessarily affects the appearance.

The structure of the skin of a person is viewed with the muscular-aponeurotic system. The structure of the skin of the face contains muscles that provide facial expressions (changing the expression, movement of lips, eyebrows, smile). Their feature is that they are not connected to the bone tissue. The muscles are firmly attached to the skin, create a severity, as a result of which the structure of the skin of the skin is changing.

Today, the cosmetology market offers various services providing for the introduction of special drugs to paralysis muscles. It helps to keep the youth of the skin, structure and functions, however, side effects may occur or in time, addiction is developing if they abuse such procedures.

Vascular skin system

Complex not only the skin itself structure, but also the system of blood vessels, which are responsible for the supply of dermis and some layers of epidermis oxygen and useful substances. The effect of different cosmetics is directed to the activation of blood circulation. They are used to tone and strengthen the capillaries that form a complex grid under the skin. With the help of massage, too, you can improve the flow of blood in small vessels.

The rate of blood circulation in the cells from which the skin consists affects regeneration processes. Some scientists argue that the cells of the epidermis and dermis are capable of delaying toxic substances, preventing them from penetration into the bloodstream with which they are distributed throughout the body.

Passive and active skin functions

Another important question: what value is the skin? There is a definition that this is the most extensive and large vital body that ensures reliable protection of the whole body. Skin thickness is different - from 0.5 to 5 mm.

The functions of the epidermis, the middle layer and fiber are distinguished. They can be divided into basic and additional, active and passive. The skin protects the body from the effects of cold and heat, mechanical damage, chemicals, pathogenic microorganisms. These functions can be attributed to passive.

Active skin functions:

• struggles with pathogens inside the dermis, hypoderm, lower layers of epidermis;
• maintains the normal temperature due to the release of sweat and receipt through the nerve endings of certain signals from the brain;
• takes signals from the external environment (touch, pain);
• some dermis cells and epidermis are capable of recognizing allergens and respond to their action accordingly;
• takes part in the production of vitamin D;
• at the expense of melanocytes produces melanin - coloring pigment;
• regulates water and mineral exchange.