From a demographic point of view, families are classified according to three main parameters: the number of children, the completeness of the family, and the family-generation structure.
1. family size (number of its members);
2. type of family (nuclear, complex, complete, incomplete)
Families are also classified according to the following criteria:
number of children in the family:
ü small families - 1-2 children (not enough for natural growth)
ü medium-sized families - 3-4 children (enough for low-expanded reproduction, as well as for the emergence of intra-group dynamics)
ü large families - 5 or more children (much more than is needed to replace generations)
There are several types of family and its organization.
1. Depending on the forms of marriage:
· monogamous family - consisting of two partners
· polygamous family - one of the spouses has several marriage partners
2. Depending on the number of generations in the family:
complex - several generations of relatives live together in them
· simple - one-generation families, primarily married couples with unmarried children (nuclear families). This is the main cell of population reproduction.
Also highlighted:
o Complete family - a family with both spouses; incomplete - if one of the spouses is absent. It is possible to classify families according to the number of persons in the family, including children.
o Egalitarian family - a family based on the equality of spouses
Also, the criteria for family typology are: its composition; length of married life; amount of children; place and type of residence; features of the distribution of roles, dominance and nature of interaction; professional employment and career of spouses; social homogeneity; family value orientation; special conditions of family life; the nature of the sexual relationship. Depending on the composition of the family, nuclear, extended, incomplete and functionally incomplete families are distinguished.
According to anthropology, families are divided into:
§ Consanguinal - the family consists of blood relatives belonging to several generations. The married couple lives with their parents.
§ Conjugal - the family is based on marital rather than kinship relationships. According to the criterion of residence, a conjugal family belongs to a dislocal marriage. This means that the newly created family is separated from the parents and lives away from them
Sociologists divide families into parental ones, i.e. families of the older generation and procreative ones, i.e. created by adult children separated from their parents.
The leadership criterion differentiates families into three groups:
1. Paternal (male dominance).
2. Maternal (female dominance).
3. Egalitarian (equality of roles).
The next criterion for typology of families is the level of their social development:
v Newly formed families may be at a low level of development; cohabiting families that do not fully fulfill their personal and social functions; families of physically or mentally disabled persons; socially vulnerable families - the unemployed, the homeless, refugees, those returning from prison, elderly pensioners, guardians and orphans, large families, families of alcoholics and drug addicts; conflict families; families consisting of persons with a low level of education, low social status and insufficient cultural development.
v At the average level of group development are those family groups that do not face the problem of increased conflict, which are not threatened by social instability. These are families with more than three to five years of experience, with one or two children, a certain material income, and the necessary living conditions. The presence of a material base makes it possible to strengthen marital and family relations and create in the family the conditions necessary for its members to satisfy their basic needs.
v A high level of development is available to a relatively small number of families. To reach this level, marriage partners must have considerable life experience behind them and have lived together for at least 10-15 years. There must be mutual understanding and mutual support, friendly and responsible relationships between them.
In social and pedagogical activities, the level of family development is one of the starting points.
The next criterion for differentiating families is the quality of relationships in the family:
Ø A prosperous family - it is characterized by the stability of marital feelings, mutual understanding, and coordination of the actions of the spouses in the implementation of family functions.
Ø Problematic family. Mutual satisfaction in the presence of mutual assistance and compatibility of personal characteristics of partners is reduced due to the presence of objective difficulties (crowded living conditions, financial difficulties, large families, etc.).
Ø Conflict family. It is characterized by interpersonal incompatibility of partners, the presence of negative emotions, misunderstanding, and lack of coordination of actions from the implementation of family functions.
Ø A disintegrating family, where one of the spouses is either no longer in the family or intends to leave it, and social functions are not fully performed by it.
Ø The family is broken up, with spouses living separately and partially fulfilling their parental responsibilities.
Ø Families are socially disadvantaged, disorganized, with inherent social problems - drunkenness, drug addiction, crime, prostitution, a frivolous attitude towards fulfilling marital and parental responsibilities, irresponsible attitude towards others.
For social and pedagogical activities with the family, the homogeneity of the social composition of the family is also important. According to this criterion, families are divided into socially homogeneous (homogeneous) and socially heterogeneous (heterogeneous). This refers to the sociocultural and professional status of the spouses.
The more noticeable the difference in the level of education, the more different are the aspirations, social orientations, beliefs, interests, and needs of people, the more difficult it is to find mutual understanding and solve the problems that have arisen.
The next criterion for classifying families is the national composition of the family. On this basis, families are divided into mononational (homogeneous) and international (mixed).
Related information.
What is family? Herzen said that a family begins with children, but a couple that has not had time to have offspring is also a family. And there are foster families, single-parent families, conflict families, and a great many other types of families. Let's try to understand the main ways of classifying this important social group.
Types and types of modern family
Modern researchers use various classifications to determine the types of families, the main ones being the following.
1. By family size– the number of its members is taken into account.
2. By family type.
- nuclear family – contains one married couple with children.
- complex family - consists of a married couple, children and relatives - grandparents, sisters, brothers, etc. Such a family may include several related married couples who have united to simplify housekeeping.
- single-parent family – consists of children and only one parent or a married couple without children.
3. By the number of children.
- infantile, childless families;
- one-child family;
- small families – the number of children is not enough to ensure natural growth, no more than 2 children;
- medium-sized families - a sufficient number for growth and dynamics, 3-4 children;
- large families - much more than is required to ensure natural growth, 5 or more children.
4. According to the form of marriage.
- monogamous family - consists of two partners;
- polygamous family - one of the partners has several marital obligations. There are polygyny (marriage of a man with several women) and polyandry (marriage of a woman with several men).
5. By gender of spouses.
- mixed-sex family;
- same-sex family - two women or men raising children together.
6. According to the location of the person.
- parental - the family of our parents;
- reproductive - a family created by a person.
7. Depending on where you live.
- patrilocal – a family living in the same territory as the husband’s parents;
- matrilocal – a family living in the same territory with the wife’s parents;
- non-local – a family living separately from its parents.
And this is not all the types and types of families that exist. It makes no sense to consider the characteristics of each variety, so we will talk about the most striking types.
Types of single-parent families
There are illegitimate, orphaned, divorced and broken single-parent families. Also, some researchers distinguish between maternal and paternal types of families.
These types of families are not classified as dysfunctional, but there are considerable difficulties in raising children. According to statistical studies, children in single-parent families study worse than their peers, and they are also more prone to neurotic disorders. In addition, most homosexuals were raised in single-parent families.
Types of foster families
There are four types of foster families: adoption, foster family, patronage and guardianship.
- Adoption– adoption of a child into a family as a blood relative. In this case, the child becomes a full-fledged member of the family with all rights and responsibilities.
- Guardianship– adoption of a child into a family for the purpose of upbringing and education, as well as to protect his interests. The child retains his last name; his natural parents are not relieved of their maintenance responsibilities. Guardianship is established for children under 14 years of age, and from 14 to 18 years of age guardianship is issued.
- Patronage– raising a child in a professional foster family on the basis of a tripartite agreement between guardianship authorities, a foster family and an institution for orphans.
- Adoptive family– raising a child at home with a guardian on the basis of an agreement that determines the period of transfer of the child to the family.
Types of large families
Types of dysfunctional families
There are two broad categories. The first includes various types of asocial families - parents are drug addicts, alcoholics, conflict families, immoral-criminal ones.
Introduction 3-5
CHAPTER 1. Family as a small social group and social institution 6-32
1.1. Types and types of families 6-9
1.2.Structure of family relationships 10-19
1.3 Family influence on the causes of deviation in adolescents 20-25
1.4. Concept, types of dysfunctional families in modern society 26-32
CHAPTER 2. Deviant behavior as a psychological and pedagogical problem 33-52
2.1. Deviant behavior of adolescents…………33-38
2.2. Typical deviations in the behavior of adolescents………39-41
2.3. Deviant behavior as a psychological and pedagogical problem 42-46
2.4. The influence of a dysfunctional family on the deviant behavior of a teenager 46-52
CHAPTER 3. Identifying the influence of the family on the deviant behavior of a teenager 53-56
3.1. Methods for diagnosing deviant behavior in adolescents 53-54
3.2. Analysis and interpretation of results 55-56
Conclusion 57-59
List of references 60-61
Applications 62-69
INTRODUCTION
Personality deformation under the influence of the family and its psychological instability begins in early childhood. It is at this stage that, under the influence of unfavorable, sometimes random, sometimes seemingly insignificant factors, value attitudes that are harmful to further development arise. Unlike public education, family education is based on feelings of love and mutual respect. It is they who determine the moral atmosphere of the family, the relationships of its members, accompanying a person from birth to adulthood. It should be. But, alas, there are unfortunate exceptions. If there is no harmony of feelings in the family, if a moral atmosphere has not been created, if adults are subject to base human passions, then personality development is complicated, family upbringing from an unconditionally positive one becomes a negative factor in the formation of personality. When developing a strategy for social intervention in a crisis situation, it is useful to keep in mind that the cause of abnormal parental behavior is a complex of social, psychological and pathological factors. But whatever the reasons for the parents’ failure, the separation of a child from the family is a serious additional trauma for both him and his parents.
The most pressing problems of the modern family include: changes in the type of relationships between adults and children - they are most often formal, difficulties of a young family, increased anxiety of parents for their children, for their health, studies, and future. Many adults cannot teach children to live in society: they themselves are disoriented. Against the backdrop of family conflicts, scandals and divorces are very common. Scientists studying the phenomenon of family characterize the situation as a crisis. It must be admitted that the signs of a crisis are indeed evident. As for the influence of family relationships in various types of dysfunctional families on the upbringing of children, from the point of view of working with families, we are interested in the consequences of this crisis state, to which we can rightfully include the following manifestations:
Ø increasing stratification of society as a result of the transition to market relations, a sharp decline in the standard of living of low-income families;
Ø the development of shadow, market relations among teenagers and young people, the emergence of teenage and youth racketeering, the growth of property crimes;
Ø expansion of neglect and the emergence of homelessness as a social phenomenon;
Ø increase in juvenile crime, involvement of children and adolescents in adult criminal groups;
Ø introducing young people to drugs and substance abuse;
Ø spread of teenage and youth prostitution;
Ø increase in teenage and youth suicide;
It seems that this is far from a complete list of alarming circumstances that make the problem of social and pedagogical assistance to families very relevant. The family is currently going through a period of major changes. This problem is dealt with by many scientists like V.V. Bodrov, V.E. Kagan, N.I. Kozlov G.I. Krainev, M.S. Matskovsky, G.M. Minkovsky, A.M. Poleeva, Yu.P. Prokopenko, M.I. Rakhmanova, M.Ya. Ustinova, L.V. Chuiko, B.Yu. Shapiro, Z.A. Yankova and others.
The role of family dysfunction, in our opinion, is of the greatest interest. The above determined the relevance of this study “The influence of a dysfunctional family on the deviant behavior of adolescents.”
Purpose of the study: To study the influence of a dysfunctional family on the deviant behavior of adolescents.
In accordance with the purpose of the study, the following tasks were identified:
Ø analyze scientific literature on the research topic;
Ø select and implement methods for studying the influence of a dysfunctional family on a teenager’s deviant behavior;
Object of study: dysfunctional families and adolescents with deviant behavior
Subject of study: reasons for the influence of relationships in a dysfunctional family on the deviant behavior of adolescents.
Work hypothesis: If unfavorable relationships in the family are established between parents and children, this entails deviant behavior of the teenager.
Research methods:
Ø theoretical: comparative analysis of literature;
Ø empirical: questionnaire, testing, observation, conversation.
CHAPTER 1. Family as a small social group and social institution.
Types and types of families.
A family is an association of people based on marriage and consanguinity, bound by a common life and mutual moral responsibility. The initial basis of family relationships is marriage. Marriage is a historically changing social form of relationship between a woman and a man, through which society regulates and sanctions their sexual life and establishes their marital life. parental and other related rights and responsibilities.
In psychology, the family is considered at the same time as a small
social group and important social institution. As a social institution, the family goes through a number of stages, the sequence of which forms the life cycle of the family. Family researchers usually identify the following phases of this cycle:
entering into a first marriage - forming a family;
the beginning of childbearing - the birth of the first child;
the end of childbearing - the birth of the last child;
“empty nest” - marriage and separation of the last child from the parental family;
the cessation of the existence of a family is the death of one of the spouses.
At each stage, the family has specific social and economic characteristics. The structure of a family is understood not only as its quantitative completeness, but also as the totality of spiritual, moral and psychological relations between its members, including relations of power and authority. The structure of a family is closely related to the order and way of life, customs and traditions, interactions with other families and society as a whole.
The totality of all the functions that a modern family performs can be reduced to the following:
Ø reproductive (childbearing) - reproduction of offspring - the main function of the family;
Ø educational - primary socialization of children, their upbringing, maintaining the reproduction of cultural values;
household - housekeeping, caring for children and elderly family members;
Ø economic - material support for minors and disabled family members;
Ø function of primary social control - regulation of moral responsibility in relations between members and family:
Ø spiritual and moral - development of the personality of each family member;
Ø social status - providing a certain social status to family members, reproduction of the social structure;
Ø leisure - organization of rational leisure, mutual enrichment of interests;
Ø emotional - providing psychological support to family members.
Ø In sociology, the following general principles have been adopted for identifying types of family organization.
Ø Depending on the form of marriage, monogamous and polygamous families are distinguished:
Ø monogamy - marriage of one man with one woman at the same time:
Ø polygamy - a marriage that involves the presence of several partners in a marriage. There are three known forms of polygamous marriage:
Ø group marriage, when several men and several women are simultaneously in a marital relationship (today this form has been preserved only in the Marquesas Islands):
Ø polyandry (polyandry) - a rare form, occurs in the Southern states of India, in Tibet;
Ø polygyny (polygyny) - the most common among all forms of polygamous marriage, exists in Muslim countries.
Types of families depending on the structure of kinship ties:
Ø nuclear (simple), consisting of parents and their minor children;
Ø extended (complex), represented by two or more generations of families.
Ø Types of families depending on the methods of choosing a family partner:
Ø endogamous, involving marriage between representatives of the same group (clan, tribe, etc.);
Ø exogamous, where marriage within a certain narrow group of people (for example, between close relatives, members of the same tribe, etc.) is prohibited.
Types of families depending on the place of residence of the spouses:
Ø patrilocal - young people live in their husband’s family;
Ø matrilocal - in the family of the wife’s parents;
Ø neolocal - settle separately from their parents.
Ø Types of families depending on the criterion of family power:
Ø matriarchy - power in the family belongs to the woman;
Ø patriarchy - a man is at the head;
Ø egalitarian, or democratic, family in which the status equality of spouses is observed (this is the most common at present).
In modern society, there are processes of transformation of the family as a social institution, changes in some of its functions, and redistribution of family roles. The family is losing its leading position in the socialization of individuals, the organization of leisure and other important functions. At the same time, alternative forms of marriage are appearing in society, which are understood as systems of marriage relations that have not received official recognition by the state (and church), but are allowed by the public opinion of a particular social environment.
These in modern developed countries include:
Ø Godwin marriage (“visit marriage”, “guest marriage”) is the separation of spouses, the absence of a common household and everyday life. The extra-family form of monogamous marriage was first described in the 18th century. W. Godwin. In the last decade, this form of marriage has become popular in Russia, mainly among pop stars and very busy business people with different interests;
Ø Concubinage is a stable relationship between a married man and a formally unmarried concubine woman who has recognized children and financial support from him. Currently, in Western Europe, due to the growing feminization of the gender composition of society, there is an undoubted upward trend. Polygyny option;
Ø Open marriage - recognition of the right of spouses to an independent lifestyle, including extramarital sex;
Ø Trial marriage - temporary residence of partners. When they decide to have children, a legal marriage is formalized. According to Margaret Mead's definition. - This is a “two-step marriage”.
Alternative forms of marriage are in fact just forms, variations of the traditional types of marriage discussed above. They arise due to, or rather in spite of, the marital interests of some specific groups of the population. Therefore, the continued existence of these forms will be determined by the stability and viability of these groups themselves.
It should be recognized that the noted trends in the separation of the institutions of marriage and family, which have long been characteristic of the West, are becoming widespread in modern Russian society.
1.2.Structure of family relationships.
The most important characteristic of a family is the structure of relationships. According to M. Harutyunyan, there are 3 types of family: traditional, child-centric and marital.
In a traditional family, respect for the authority of elders is brought up; pedagogical influence is carried out from top to bottom.
The main requirement is submission. Children from these families easily learn traditional norms, but have difficulty forming their own families. They are not proactive, not flexible in communication, and act based on their idea of what should be done. In a child-centric family, the main task of parents is to ensure the “happiness of the child.” The family exists only for the child. The influence is carried out, as a rule, from the bottom up. The child develops a high self-esteem of his own importance, but the likelihood of conflict with the social environment outside the family increases. Therefore, a child from such a family may evaluate the world as hostile. The married family is highly valued. The goal in this family is mutual trust, acceptance, and autonomy of members. The educational impact is “horizontal”, dialogue between equals: parents and child. In family life, mutual interests are always taken into account, and the older the child, the more his interests are taken into account. The result of such education is the child’s assimilation of democratic values, the harmonization of his ideas about rights and responsibilities, freedom and responsibility, the development of activity, independence, goodwill, and self-confidence. At the same time, these children may not comply with social requirements. They adapt poorly to an environment built on a “vertical” principle.
According to L.B. Schneider, a family, depending on the type of relationship, can be ideal and conflicting, prosperous and dysfunctional (problematic).
In an ideal family, its members are spatially very close to each other, the distance is not differentiated, and the child and marital subsystems are poorly distinguished.
In a conflict-ridden family, children are “closed,” “afraid to tell anything,” “thrown to the mercy of fate,” and at the same time, “have no independence,” and are characterized by bad behavior and damaged relationships with friends and others. This child is very realistic, common and easily recognizable. Also, a family can be favorable and unfavorable, that is, problematic.
According to V. Satir, the atmosphere of a problematic family is felt very quickly. It is characterized by inconvenience, discomfort and coldness: family members are extremely polite to each other, and everyone is very sad. Their faces are gloomy, gloomy or sad.
In supportive families, a completely different atmosphere reigns. There is a feeling of naturalness, honesty and love. People in such families express their love and respect for each other.
K. Rogers identified such positive characteristics of prosperous families as: devotion and cooperation; communication; flexibility of relationships; independence.
E. G. Eidemiller emphasizes the meaning of “dominance - submission” and at the same time pays a lot of attention to the close emotional connection of family members.
Margaret Mead puts the concept of “responsibility” at the head of the characteristics of interpersonal relationships, as the main relationship characterizing the family and its members. These three parameters, which describe relationships in the primary simple family (the triad “child, father, mother”), are considered basic.
Having examined the approaches to the existence of various types of families, we are faced with the problem of family relationships between family members. Interpersonal relationships in a family are subjectively experienced relationships between family members, objectively manifested in the nature and methods of mutual influence of family members in life together. A. Z. Rakhimov believes that the emergence of interpersonal relationships in the family is due to the fact of direct interaction between spouses in the process of living together. Spouses relate to each other not only as bearers of certain family functions, roles and values. They perceive each other in the same way from the side of purely human qualities. V. Solovyov identifies seven types of family relationships: Socio-biological relationships (family size, fertility, gender), economic relationships (housekeeping, family budget). These are the two main types of family relationships. Other types only complement them.
Thus, legal relations characterize the legal regulation of marriage and divorce, personal and property rights and obligations of spouses. Moral relations cover issues of family feelings, especially love and duty and the moral values of the family, while creating at the same time the fundamental basis for the development of the child as a person. Psychological relationships represent the sphere of interaction between the mental makeup of family members and realize the moments of their compatibility and the psychological climate in the family. Pedagogical relations directly relate to issues of family pedagogy and the implementation of the educational functions of the family. Aesthetic relations determine the aesthetics of behavior, speech, clothing, forming the basis of the cultural continuity of the family. The nature of family relationships determines the success of the family in fulfilling its most important functions and its well-being. V. Satir believes that as each member of the family team grows, the family is faced with a certain kind of interpersonal relationships between family members, where the child builds his behavior based on a subjective subconscious assessment of what is happening around him. According to Botovich G.I., in most cases it corresponds to the system of established interpersonal relationships in the family. Sometimes children, due to their unique and incomplete understanding of the world around them, choose forms of their own behavior and influence on their parents that have a bad impact not only on their own development, but also on relationships in the family.
S. V. Kovalev in his work “Psychology of the Modern Family” identifies the following types of relationships between family members:
1. Cooperation is an ideal case of relationship, presupposing mutual understanding and mutual support.
2. Parity – equal, “allied” relations based on mutual benefit of family members.
3. Competition - the desire to achieve more and better in benevolent competition.
4. Competition is the desire to dominate others, to suppress them in some areas.
5. Antagonism - sharp contradictions between group members, in which their unification is clearly forced.
V. Satir outlined three rules for effective communication:
family members talk about their thoughts and feelings in the first person.
Each family member is encouraged to convey their feelings.
each family member must focus on the level of understanding, i.e. the content of the statement must be confirmed by the appropriate tone of voice, facial expression, gestures).
She also notes that any family system can be characterized quite accurately using its four proposed parameters: self-esteem of the participants in the family process;
communication;
family system (set of norms);
social connections (interaction with the outside world).
Depending on the combination of features of each parameter, a family can be characterized as prosperous or dysfunctional.
Table No. 1
| Factor | Wealthy family | Dysfunctional family |
| 1. Self-esteem | High self-esteem for all family members. | Low self-esteem |
| 2. Communication | Honest, open, clear, adequate, direct | Dishonest, confusing, uncertain, inadequate |
| 3. Family system | The rules are flexible and change if necessary. Complete freedom of any discussion, autonomy allowed | The rules are hidden, rigid, unchanging. Petty custody and control. Prohibitions on any discussions |
| 4. Social connections | Diversity of social connections, the family is open to external contacts | Fear of society, closedness, lack of social connections (or ingratiation with society) |
The functioning of various systems in prosperous and dysfunctional families. The emotional distress of family members is associated with the constant threat of rejection and is caused by ineffective intrafamily communication. Such communication is determined by a number of positions that family members tend to take when trying to avoid anxiety and the threat of rejection:
ingratiating position;
blaming position;
calculating position;
detached position.
Ingratiating position - a person avoids the threat of rejection, trying to please, not getting into quarrels. At the verbal level of communication, he expresses agreement (“Everything you do is wonderful, even too good for me”), and at the non-verbal level of communication he demonstrates complete submission and helplessness (head and shoulders are lowered, an ingratiating facial expression). Inner feeling: “I consider myself insignificant.” Blaming position - looking for the culprits among family members. A typical start to a conversation: “Why do you always...”, “You can never do it properly...”, etc. Such a person has an inner feeling that he is lonely and unhappy. The calculating position is a person’s hidden belief that the threat of rejection can be avoided through accurate calculation and analysis of the situation. Outwardly cold, calculating. Internal sensations are characterized by the words: “I feel vulnerable.” There may be low self-esteem. A detached position - “confused”, “frivolous” behavior. He speaks out of place, his movements are awkward and ridiculous. The feelings experienced are loneliness and a feeling of the meaninglessness of existence. V. Satir has developed a number of special exercises, games, procedures that allow family members to realize and feel the ineffective positions they use in communication. The main task in working with families is not only awareness of existing positions, but also training in harmonious, sincere communication. Balanced communication is based on the authenticity of experiences and the truth of feelings. In this type of communicative behavior, verbal and nonverbal components correspond to each other. Balanced communication is based on the authenticity of experiences and demonstrated feelings.
According to the types of relationships, it is currently customary to distinguish between harmonious and inharmonious families. Harmonious are families in which the structure and functioning are not disturbed. Inharmonious are families in which there are any disturbances in the structure. Family structure disorders are those features that make it difficult or prevent the family from performing its functions.
Within the framework of inharmonious families, destructive, disintegrating, disintegrated, incomplete and rigid pseudo-solidary families are distinguished. A destructive family is marked, first of all, by the isolation of its individual members, which impedes mutual understanding and at the same time contributes to the creation of an atmosphere of emotional tension and conflict. In such a family it is difficult to identify a leader; most often everyone lives their own life. The main defect of a destructive family is the lack of spiritual closeness and adequate emotional contacts between its individual members. Often families are destructive if one of its members (parent) is mentally ill or abuses alcohol. A disintegrating family - in which the conflict between parents has reached its climax. Family breakdown is brewing. Children are usually also involved in the conflict. Warring parents either see their children as “allies” or make “scapegoats” out of them. Teenagers, as a rule, painfully experience the breakdown of their family and usually take the side of one of the parents, more often than not the one who is considered offended. The family can remain in this state for a long time. Parents disperse, converge, the psychological atmosphere is tense, but no one makes a decision.
A broken family is a family that one of the parents has left, but continues to maintain contact with it (the so-called “coming” fathers or mothers). Real relations in such a family are carried out only between parents and child, and relations between spouses are terminated.
An incomplete family is a family in which one of the parents (usually the father) is absent. In the literature, there is a tendency to exaggerate the pathogenic influence of an incomplete family on the formation of “difficult adolescents.” Very often, a mother, if she is not mentally ill and does not lead an antisocial lifestyle, raises good, socially adapted children without a father. An example of this is the generation of people raised by their mothers during the war and post-war years. A rigid pseudo-solidarity family is distinguished by the presence of a dominant leader to whom all other members unconditionally obey. In such a family, despotism, cruel regulation of all life and lack of emotional warmth usually reign. Practical teachers usually divide families into prosperous and dysfunctional. A “prosperous family” usually means a complete family that is sufficiently financially secure and does not have a direct negative impact on the child. Often well-being is only visible and is determined by personal data: whether there are parents, what is their education, where do they work, what is the financial situation in the family. Undoubtedly, all these indicators have a certain meaning and influence on family upbringing, but often behind the questionnaire well-being there are deep internal contradictions that tear apart the entire family. Its cohesion and strength exist only for show. Such families are called pseudo-prosperous, pseudo-solidarity. Family relationships, as a rule, act as the most important and significant for the individual, which explains their leading role in the formation of pathogenic situations and mental disorders (G.K. Ushakov). The leading role of the family in the emergence of pathogenic situations and traumatic experiences is determined by a number of circumstances.
1. The leading role of family relationships in the system of personal relationships. In the early, most important stages of an individual’s life, the family is the only one, and later the most important social groups in which he is included. Events in the family are “taken to heart” to a much greater extent than similar events in the sphere of work, neighborhood relations, etc.
2. The versatility of family relationships and their dependence on each other. The spheres of household, leisure, and emotional relationships are closely interconnected, and an attempt to make more or less significant changes in any of them causes a “chain reaction” of changes in all others. Because of this feature, family trauma is more difficult to escape. A family member has more difficulty trying to avoid trauma.
3. Particular openness and, therefore, vulnerability of a family member in relation to various intra-family influences, including traumatic ones. In a family, an individual is more accessible to influence from other family members; his weaknesses and shortcomings are most clearly manifested.
A. Ya. Varga, when characterizing the family system, identifies the following characteristics:
interaction stereotypes;
family rules;
family myths;
stabilizers;
family history.
Interaction stereotypes are messages and interactions that are repeated frequently. They are little aware of supporting the usual systems of relationships between family members. Sublevel stereotypes of interaction in families are possible. When repeated messages and interactions occur between the parent and child structure, male and female structure in the family. Our study of surveys of 1200 respondents showed that 34% of respondents noted the absence of clearly defined male and female substructures in the family; 53% of informants indicated the presence of a formalized female substructure in the family, often opposed to a poorly defined male substructure; 13% of respondents indicated the presence of a clearly defined male substructure in family, but to a much lesser extent opposed to the female one.
The second parameter - family rules - are those norms of behavior, and often thinking, that the family is guided by. Rules can be public or unspoken. Public rules arise more often as a result of agreements, more often in the marital subsystem, in flexible families; such agreements and rules are developed between children and parents. Unspoken rules are more often imposed by one of the family members, or accepted by the adult subsystem.
Rules can be culturally given - and then they are shared by many families, or they can be unique for each family. Culturally defined rules of family life are known to everyone; unique rules are known only to members of a given family. Breaking the rules is a dangerous, very dramatic thing, described many times in Russian fiction. The rules of family life apply to all areas. There are some rules that are culturally given. In Russian culture, there are conflicting rules about the distribution of roles in the family. It is no coincidence that the struggle for power and status in modern Russian families is one of the most powerful dysfunctions. And this struggle arises because in the culture there is no clear rule about gender inequality. A. Ya. Varga traces the roots of this in Russian folk tales, where the image of a husband is leading only formally, but in reality a man becomes successful only by resorting to someone’s, often female, wife’s help. According to our research, in most families the female subsystem turns out to determine family rules. Norms of behavior in the family and outside it and control over the implementation of these rules belong to women.
The third parameter - family myths - is complex family knowledge, which is, as it were, a continuation of such a sentence as: “We are...”. This knowledge is not always relevant; it is updated either when an outsider enters the family, or at moments of some serious social change, or in a situation of family dysfunction. In a dysfunctional family, the myth is closer to the surface than in a functional one. This knowledge is poorly understood. The myth is formed over approximately three generations. A. Ya. Varga points out the prevalence of the myths “We are a friendly family” and “We are heroes.” When studying family myths, we discovered family subsystem male and female myths. In relation to women, the myth “Everything depends on the woman in the family” is very common, which greatly limits the scope of desires and exaggerates the sphere of responsibility of a woman in the family. In relation to men, the opposite myth is widespread: “If you can’t, but you really want to, then you can.” This applies to many violations of the rules, such as alcoholism, infidelity, this also includes hobbies, workaholism, etc. Moreover, the carriers of these myths are both men and women.
Boundaries are the fourth parameter of the family system. Any system has its own boundaries, which determine its structure and, accordingly, the content of the psychodynamics of family life is determined. The external boundaries of families are changing before our eyes. A. Ya. Varga connects changes in the boundaries of families with changes in the boundaries of the state. In a country with strictly closed borders, the boundaries of families turn out to be transparent, penetrating to external interference. In the modern situation of open borders, family boundaries are becoming more closed. This is also reflected in less government intervention in family affairs and less interaction between families. The same mechanisms operate within the family. In families with open borders, the interference of generational subsystems in each other's lives is much less. In families with strictly closed boundaries, the boundaries of subsystems become blurred.
The fifth parameter of the family system is stabilizers. Every family has its own stabilizers. Functional stabilizers are a common place of residence, common money, common affairs, common entertainment and interests, plans and development prospects. Dysfunctional stabilizers – children, illnesses, behavioral disorders. Children should not be stabilizers, because they grow, develop and must live their own lives separate from their parents. Destructive stabilizers can be alcoholism or infidelity of one of the spouses. A frequent motive for refusing divorce in families with an alcoholic spouse is the verbalization: “He (she) will get completely drunk without me.” The very opportunity to somehow frolic on the side keeps marital relationships stable. This stabilizer allows both to not have real psychological intimacy.
Family history is the sixth parameter of the family system. Many behavioral stereotypes and patterns of interaction are reproduced over generations. In functional families there are more behavioral options, more choice. In dysfunctional families there are fewer choices, because a universal human mechanism works - under stress a person acts in a stereotypical manner. Where there is a lot of stress, there are many stereotypes, little freedom of choice, little creativity. In dysfunctional families, where there is a lot of stress, many stereotypes exist, and there is a great fear of change. Knowledge of family history allows you to analyze the processes that occur in a modern family.
The question of classification, typology of families, on the one hand, is very important, because the presence of such a classification makes it easier for a person to find others like himself in countless families in order to borrow experience in organizing life, by analogy with them, to most successfully solve his problems. But on the other hand, it is very complicated. There is still no more or less generally accepted typology of personality, and the family is an even more complex formation. Therefore, there can still be no talk of a strict typology of the family, but the first attempts to classify the family are already being made. In particular, families are distinguished according to the following parameters:
- 1. According to the marital experience of the spouses. Families are distinguished here:
- -family of newlyweds. This is a newly born family, a family in the honeymoon period, which lasts different times for different people. A typical state for such a family is a state of euphoria: their bright dreams, hopes, plans, often divorced from reality, have not yet dissipated. They still have everything ahead, everything is clear to them, everything in life is simple for them. And they are still confident that together they can move mountains.
- - a young family is the next stage (for some, after six months or a year, and for others much earlier, if the honeymoon period is shortened). This is a family that has encountered its first, unexpected obstacles. Here the spouses suddenly discover from their own experience that love alone is not enough. The first quarrels appear, the desire to change, remake him;
- -family expecting a child. A young family expecting their first child rises to this level. At this time, the wife changes noticeably, the father becomes unrecognizable. The young husband's caring towards his wife knows no bounds;
- -a family of average marital age (from three to ten years of cohabitation). This is the most dangerous period of her life. Because it is during these years that boredom, monotony, and stereotypes appear in the relationships between spouses, conflicts flare up, and the majority of divorces occur during this period;
- -family of older married age (10-20 years). The moral and psychological well-being of spouses at this stage largely depends on the wealth of their personalities and mutual compliance;
- -elderly couples. This type of family arises after the marriage of their children and the appearance of grandchildren.
- 2. Based on the number of children, the following types of families are distinguished:
- -childless (infertile) families where no child has been born within 10 years of cohabitation. Every third family from this group breaks up on the initiative of men;
- - one child family. There are 53.6% of such families in cities, and 38-41.1% in villages. Of these families, approximately every second one breaks up. But if such a family persists, then its pedagogical opportunities, the conditions for the child’s growth and development, are not favorable enough. Many sociologists note that these people are irresponsible, lack of hard work and self-centeredness;
- - small family (family with two children). Family stability with the birth of a second child increases, according to the observations of sociologists, by 3 times;
- - a large family - a family with three or more children is now considered to be such. In this type of family, divorces are extremely rare, and if they sometimes happen, it is due to the economic or moral and psychological failure of the husband.
- 3. By family composition:
- - single-parent family - when there is only one parent with children in the family. This occurs either as a result of the death of one of the spouses, or as a result of divorce, but often as a result of the birth of a child out of wedlock, or even the adoption of someone else’s child by a single woman. Children in these families are distinguished by great independence, understanding and emotionality;
- -separate, simple family (nuclear). It is formed by spouses with or without children, living separately from their parents. They have complete independence and therefore organize their lives the way they want. Here are the best conditions for self-expression, manifestation of the abilities and personal qualities of each spouse;
- - complex family (extended) - consists of representatives of several generations. Nowadays, according to sociological research, approximately 70% of young spouses under the age of 20 live in such families. In such a family, life is better organized, young people have more free time, and major quarrels occur less often. At the same time, in such families the question of divorce from parents often arises - due to the interference of some of them in the lives of their children, petty guardianship over them, due to the natural desire of young people for independence;
- - a large family consisting of three or more married couples (parental couple and several children with their families). But for a modern person, overloaded with forced communication at work, they are of little use.
- 4. By type of family leadership. There are two main types of family:
- -egalitarian (equal) family. According to sociological research, we have 60-80% of the total number of families. They are most common in large cities. The distribution of household responsibilities here is carried out democratically, depending on who is better at one or another job. There is no struggle for power because the spouses are focused on the interests of the family and do not seek to command each other;
- -the second type is an authoritarian family, based on the unquestioning obedience of one family member to another. Of the total mass of families, according to some data, one sixth are families of the matriarchal type, and one eighth are of the patriarchal type. Families of this type are quite often torn apart by the struggle for power and are therefore full of all kinds of conflicts, most often small ones. But among them there are also quite peaceful families, when the subordinate is quite satisfied with his role.
- 5. By homogeneity of social composition:
- -socially homogeneous (homogeneous). According to sociological research, we have approximately 70% of the total number of families. In these families, the husband and wife and their parents belong to the same strata of society: they are all workers or all employees. Belonging to the same cultural and professional stratum ensures better mutual understanding both between spouses and between them and parents, which is why the atmosphere in such families is usually calm. But this same commonality of origin, interests, place of work does not allow people in the family to disconnect from production problems after a working day;
- -socially heterogeneous (dissimilar). They account for 30% of the total number of families. The spouses in them have different education, different professions, and there are usually much fewer common interests in the production plan. Egalitarian relations are less common here; authoritarian ones predominate. And relations with the parents of each spouse usually do not go smoothly. At the same time, there is very high family activity here; the desire for self-education of spouses is more often observed, because the difference in educational level stimulates the lagging behind.
- 6. According to the quality of family relationships:
- - the prosperous, which, according to Tolstoy, are everyone;
- -stable;
- - problematic. There is often no mutual understanding, quarrels and conflicts break out;
- - conflict, where families are not satisfied with their family life, and therefore these families are not stable;
- -socially disadvantaged, where the cultural level is quite low and drunkenness is common;
- - disorganized families, where the cult of power flourishes, the dominant feeling is fear, each family member lives on his own. family patriarchal social marriage
- 7. By type of consumer behavior:
- -with a physical bias, where the problems of biological existence usually come first: food, clothing occupy all the interests of family members not because of its poverty, but because of the level of significance of these values for them;
- - with an intellectual type of behavior - these families in terms of material security may not differ at all from the first type of family, but their members much more often prefer to have a good book than a tasty dish;
- - a mixed type of family in which interests, material and even physiological needs are harmoniously combined with spiritual interests.
- 8. For special conditions of family life:
- -student life. The peculiarity of such a family is the lack of housing for young spouses, a chronic lack of money, and almost complete financial dependence on their parents. At the same time, these families are distinguished by great cohesion and activity. Here they firmly believe in a better future;
- - distant families. They were already mentioned above when it came to the existence of a marriage without a family. These are, for example, families of sailors, major athletes, and artists. Here the family is largely nominal, since the spouses do not live together most of the time. There is a much greater danger of adultery and family breakdown on this basis. Although sometimes such families turn out to be extremely stable.
is an association of people based on marriage and consanguinity, bound by a common way of life and mutual moral responsibility. The initial basis of family relationships is marriage. Marriage is a historically changing social form of relationship between a woman and a man, through which society regulates and sanctions their sexual life and establishes their marital life. parental and other related rights and responsibilities.
In sociology, the family is considered both as and important social institution. As a social institution, the family goes through a number of stages, the sequence of which is formed in the family life cycle. Family researchers usually identify the following phases of this cycle:
- entering into a first marriage—forming a family;
- the beginning of childbearing - the birth of the first child;
- the end of childbearing - the birth of the last child;
- “empty nest” - marriage and separation of the last child from the parental family;
- termination of the existence of a family - the death of one of the spouses.
At each stage, the family has specific social and economic characteristics. Under the structure families understand not only its quantitative completeness, but also the totality of spiritual, moral and psychological relations between its members, including relations of power and authority. The structure of a family is closely related to the order and way of life, customs and traditions, interactions with other families and society as a whole.
The totality of all the functions that a modern family performs can be reduced to the following:
- reproductive (childbearing) - reproduction of offspring is the main function of the family;
- educational— primary socialization of children, their upbringing, maintenance of the reproduction of cultural values;
- household - housekeeping, caring for children and elderly family members;
- economic - financial support for minors and disabled family members;
- function of primary social control- regulation of moral responsibility in relations between members and families:
- spiritual and moral - development of the personality of each family member;
- social status - providing a certain social status to family members, reproduction of the social structure;
- leisure - organization of rational leisure, mutual enrichment of interests;
- emotional - providing psychological support to family members.
In sociology, the following general principles of identifying typesfamily organization.
Depending on the form of marriage, monogamous and polygamous families are distinguished:- monogamy - marriage of one man to one woman at one time:
- polygamy is a marriage that involves the presence of several partners in a marriage. There are three known forms of polygamous marriage:
- group marriage, when several men and several women are simultaneously in a marital relationship (today this form is preserved only in the Marquesas Islands):
- polyandry (polyandry) - a rare form, occurs in the southern states of India, in Tibet;
- polygyny (polygamy) - The most common among all forms of polygamous marriage exists in Muslim countries.
- nuclear (simple), consisting of parents and their minor children;
- extended (complex), represented by two or more generations of families.
- endogamous, involving marriage between representatives of the same group (clan, tribe, etc.);
- exogamous, where marriage within a certain narrow group of people (for example, between close relatives, members of the same tribe, etc.) is prohibited.
- patrilocal - young people live with their husband’s family;
- matrilocal - in the family of the wife's parents;
- neolocal - live separately from their parents.
- matriarchy- power in the family belongs to the woman;
- patriarchy - the leader is a man;
- egalitarian,or democratic, family, in which the status equality of spouses is observed (is the most common at present).
In modern society, there are processes of transformation of the family as a social institution, changes in some of its functions, and redistribution of family roles. The family is losing its leading position in the socialization of individuals, the organization of leisure and other important functions. At the same time, there appear in society alternative forms of marriage, by which we understand systems of marriage relations that have not received official recognition by the state (and church), but are allowed by public opinion of a particular social environment.
These in modern developed countries include:
Godwin marriage(“visit marriage”, “guest marriage”) is the separation of spouses, the absence of a common household and everyday life. The extra-family form of monogamous marriage was first described in the 18th century. W. Godwin. In the last decade, this form of marriage has become popular in Russia, mainly among pop stars and very busy business people with different interests;
Concubinate- a stable relationship between a married man and a formally unmarried concubine woman who has recognized children and financial support from him. Currently, in Western Europe, due to the growing feminization of the gender composition of society, there is an undoubted upward trend. Polygyny option;
Open marriage— recognition of the right of spouses to an independent lifestyle, including extramarital sex;
Trial marriage— temporary residence of partners. When they decide to have children, a legal marriage is formalized. According to Margaret Mead's definition. - This is a “two-step marriage”.
Alternative forms of marriage are in fact just forms, variations of the traditional types of marriage discussed above. They arise due to, or rather in spite of, the marital interests of some specific groups of the population. Therefore, the continued existence of these forms will be determined by the stability and viability of these groups themselves.
It should be recognized that the noted trends in the separation of the institutions of marriage and family, which have long been characteristic of the West, are becoming widespread in modern Russian society.
