Household plan and household relations. Social and domestic relations

The family is one of the most ancient forms of social associations. The history of the family as a social institution goes back over 4 millennia.

Family as a social institution

The family is the first step in social interaction; it is because of this that the family is often called the unit of society. Like other social institutions (for example, the state), the family obeys social laws society.

Based on the history of the development of the institution of the family, we see that no society could do without this social group.

Moreover, the family is currently the only social institution that provides education and preparation for socialization of the new generation.

Family and life, everyday relationships

Household relations develop between family members in the process of daily life. Household relations are a system of nonproduction links that are aimed at meeting primary needs (the need for housing, food and clothing).

Household relations in the family should be perceived in two aspects - depending on the time that each family member spends on living together, and also depending on how responsibilities are divided between spouses and children.

One of the most important moral foundations of a favorable family life is mutual assistance in housekeeping. In many families, children are actively involved in help in everyday matters.

According to statistics, only women are involved in solving family domestic issues.

Consent in everyday relationships is an equally important component happy familyrather than mutual understanding between spouses and spiritual closeness. The overwhelming majority of divorces are caused by spouses' disagreements in everyday relationships.

Family in modern society

The community has a huge impact on family life. In different historical times, the institution of the family has undergone various qualitative transformations.

In modern society, the family is also going through some changes. They are mainly associated with such processes as urbanization and industrialization. Of no small importance in the life of a modern family is the onset of the information age: all innovations that come to society are reflected in the traditions and nature of intra-family interaction.

Recently, we can also observe dramatic changes in the social roles of family members.

So, if at the beginning of the 20th century only men controlled the family budget, then today, the family budget is mainly under female control, which indicates a gradual transformation of the traditional patriarchal family model.

The values \u200b\u200bof everyday life are qualities that provide comfort, bring joy. The arrangement of everyday life, including housing, is one of the main concerns of everyday life. Social and household interests of a person are directed to those objects and phenomena that are able to satisfy his needs that lie outside the production sphere.

Of course, objects and ways of satisfying needs are different. In addition, the ways to satisfy the same need of one person vary in different conditions. At the same time, the processes taking place in the sphere of everyday life lead to the standardization of some of its elements. This gives rise to a similar lifestylefrom representatives of certain social and professional groups.

The world of everyday life is described by many concepts, the concept of "lifestyle" occupies an important place among them.

In Western sociology, the way of life is most often understood as the activity and behavior of a person outside of professional work. In Russian sociology, the way of life is determined by a set of typical types of life of an individual, social group, society as a whole, which is taken in unity with the conditions of life that determine it. The study of the way of life allows us to consider the main spheres of social life, taking into account the reasons for the behavior of people (their lifestyle), conditioned by the way, level, quality of life.

The concept of "lifestyle" is used to characterize human behavior in everyday life, its specific situations. The lifestyle includes regularly reproduced traits, behavior patterns, inclinations, habits, tastes. Therefore, he emphasizes primarily the socio-psychological aspects of individual behavior.

Individual characteristics of a lifestyle depend on many objective conditions and personal qualities: knowledge, experience, abilities, beliefs, value orientations, etc. At the same time, each individual lifestyle contains specific features of the group to which a person belongs, be it professional, demographic, ethnic or whatever.

The term “standard of living” is also widely used. It expresses the degree of satisfaction of the material and cultural needs of people in the provision of consumer goods and is characterized mainly by quantitative indicators.

The standard of living testifies to the material and spiritual consumption of the individual. Although this category is more economic than sociological, it is nevertheless important indicator lifestyle of the individual. But there is no need to overestimate the relationship between level and lifestyle. So, many rich people lead a very poor spiritually and morally lifestyle. In principle, the stronger the tendency towards achieving a high standard of living of the population is expressed in society, the more preconditions for the development of a full-fledged lifestyle of each person.

“Quality of life” is a category that expresses the quality of satisfying the material and cultural needs of people (quality of food, clothing, home comfort, etc.). If the standard of living gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe quantitative parameters of the mode of activity, then the quality of life reveals its essential and substantial sides, that is, the nature and content of labor, quality environment etc.

A person lives in a world of everyday affairs and worries that are repeated from day to day. The structure of everyday life is the most complete and rich. It is characterized by a certain way of life, which includes a person's dwelling, food and clothing, leisure and housework, etc.

In the process of a person's daily life, everyday relationships develop.

Domestic relationships are a stable system of everyday involuntary connections between people regarding the satisfaction of their primary needs (food, clothing, housing, maintaining health, caring for children, as well as the development of spiritual benefits, culture, communication, recreation, entertainment, physical and cultural development).

Russian society at the beginning of the 21st century is going through a complex process of transformation that affects all spheres of the functioning of the social organism. Under these conditions, the established priorities of everyday life are being revised, the existing attitudes are being rethought, as a result of which the life of the population is changing. The study of this aspect allows you to evaluate the material and spiritual culture modern society, analyze changes in people's lives. Everyday life plays an important role for a modern person, since life proceeds within its framework, forms and ways to fulfill needs are formed. This determines the relevance of the study of these problems in modern Russian society.

The organization of everyday life is a complex and contradictory process. It is carried out on the basis of transforming the entire system of social relations and, in turn, largely contributes to the economic, social and cultural development of society. Society today demonstrates different ways the life of people. This circumstance makes it relevant to study the life of Russians, since it is a part of the culture that stores, broadcasts, generates programs of activity, behavior, communication, thereby making up the aggregate socio-historical experience.

Living conditions are of great importance for preservation of human health and performance. That is why everyday life and everyday relationships have become the subject of study in various sciences. Sociologyexamines everyday relationships at various levels public organization: family, neighbors; studies the established standards of life. Household relationships are studied and social Psychology.Its perspective is motives of people's behavior, interpersonal communication in the sphere of everyday relations. How to rationally manage the household, distribute household chores and responsibilities? These and other similar questions are answered by economic science.Under the influence of socio-economic and geographical conditions, various peoples develop a complex of everyday norms, traditions, customs, and rituals. Therefore, everyday life is also studied by such a science as ethnography.

§12. Everyday life and everyday relationships

Remember:

what is the relationship between human needs and interests? What is interpersonal interaction? What are its main types? What characterizes the psychology of family relationships? How does gender affect human behavior?

In the process of a person's daily life, everyday relationships develop. Household relationships are sustainablethe system of daily non-production links betweenpeople about the satisfaction of their priority

needs (food, clothing, housing, health maintenance, childcare, as well as the development of spiritual benefits, culture, communication, recreation, entertainment, physical and cultural development).

Living conditions are of great importance forpreservation of human health and performance. That is why everyday life and everyday relationships have become the subject of study in various sciences. Sociologyexamines everyday relations at various levels of social organization: family, neighbors; studies the established standards of life. Household relationships are studied and social Psychology.Its perspective is motives of people's behavior, interpersonal communication in the sphere of everyday relations. How to rationally manage the household, distribute household chores and responsibilities? These and other similar questions are answered by economicthe science.Under the influence of socio-economic and geographical conditions, various peoples develop a complex of everyday norms, traditions, customs, and rituals. Therefore, everyday life is also studied by such a science as ethnography.

SOCIAL AND HOUSEHOLD INTERESTS

The values \u200b\u200bof everyday life are qualities that provide comfort, bring joy. The arrangement of everyday life, including housing, is one of the main concerns of everyday life. Social and household interests of a person are aimed at those objects and phenomena that arewe need to meet his needs outside the production sphere.

There are various classifications of social and domestic interests. Here are some examples of them.

Depending on the quality needsdistinguish social and domestic interests aimed at satisfyingrhene of material needs, and interests relatedwith the needs of human development, determined by the level of developmenttia of a person and his self-awareness.The former include interests focused on providing a person with food, footwear, clothing, and household items; payment for housing, utilities and transport services; care for the preservation and maintenance of health; this also includes the housing interests of a person (building their own house, dacha or garage, renovating an apartment, etc.), as well as interests related to household labor (housekeeping, maintaining personal subsidiary plots (buying mineral fertilizers, livestock, feed , seeds, seedlings, construction of premises, etc.) The second group traditionally includes the leisure interests of a person (visiting theaters, concerts, etc.), as well as interests that allow

create the most optimal conditions for raising the level of education, etc. (Remember other spiritual needs of a person and suggest what interests in the social sphere they generate.)

Depending on the types of social association andscheniahighlight the household interests of the family, neighbors, comrade companies, youth groups, etc.

On a territorial basisdistinguish between the social and everyday interests of urban, rural residents, residents of megalopolises, large, medium and small cities, etc.

Demographic traitunderlies the identification of social and domestic interests of children, youth, middle-aged people, the elderly, etc.

Of course, objects and ways of satisfying needs are different. One person needs a minimum set of products, for him nutrition is only a way to maintain a normal level of functioning of the body. For another, it is important to eat well and tasty. Moreover, the ways to satisfy the same need of one person vary in different conditions. At the same time, the processes taking place in the sphere of everyday life lead to the standardization of some of its elements. This gives rise to a similar lifestylefrom representatives of certain social and professional groups.

The world of everyday life is described by many concepts, the concept of "lifestyle" occupies an important place among them.

Individual characteristics of the lifestyle depend on many objective conditions and personal qualities: knowledge, experience, abilities, beliefs, value orientations, etc. At the same time, each individual lifestyle contains specific features of the group to which it belongs.

a person lies, whether she is professional, demographic, ethnic or whatever.

The standard of living testifies to the material and spiritual consumption of the individual. Although this category is more economic than sociological, it is nevertheless an important indicator of the individual's lifestyle. But there is no need to overestimate the relationship between level and lifestyle. Thus, many rich people lead a very poor spiritually and morally lifestyle. In principle, the stronger the tendency towards achieving a high standard of living of the population is expressed in society, the more preconditions for the development of a full-fledged lifestyle of each person.

“Quality of life” is a category that expresses the quality of satisfying the material and cultural needs of people (quality of food, clothing, home comfort, etc.). If the standard of living gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe quantitative parameters of the mode of activity, then the quality of life reveals its essential and substantial sides, i.e. the nature and content of labor, the quality of the environment, etc.

MATERIAL-MATERIAL HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

The main components of the material and material environment of a person in everyday life primarily include dwelling and objects that ensure the comfort of a person's living.

In the broad sense of the word, a house is a place where a person recovers after a hard day, communicates with relatives and friends, finds comfort and tranquility; a kind of "ecological niche" where a person is recognized and loved, provides an opportunity to hide from everyday storms and get support. Nothing in the setting should cause unpleasant sensations, annoy, interfere, be uncomfortable. It is not by chance that when characterizing domestic relations they use such a concept as "home".

Naturally, the main condition for turning a home into a home is a friendly atmosphere in the family. But it, in turn, largely depends on some objective circumstances: a modern house must meet certain requirements that provide

normal life and family development opportunities. Security, location, provision of all utilities are planned during construction and often do not depend on the inhabitants of the dwelling.

We can not always radically change what the architect conceived and built by the builder, but it is in our power to give our home individuality, originality, make it cozy and comfortable. Comfort, mood, rest, saving time, and sometimes cash costs are largely determined by the interior decoration and arrangement of the dwelling, or its interior(from French interieur - internal), which must first of all correspond to the complex of vital needs, lifestyle, interests and tastes of a person and (or) family.

Unfortunately, today many russian families do not have the opportunity to live in comfortable living conditions. Solving housing and household problems requires significant efforts from both the citizens themselves and the state.

For each person, each family, the list of things to buy is strictly individual, you should never focus on others. We can say that each person must have the necessary amount of clothes and shoes for any weather, dishes, furniture, a set of household appliances in the house for normal living, but the quantity and quality of these things are determined individually. Everyone has their own level of income, their own needs and, therefore, their own expenses. It is on these grounds that the order of acquiring certain things is established, their need for a family.

Everyday life often brings to the fore the material-material "shell" of values, reduces their spiritual content to it. Thus, many people develop a cult of consumerism, a cult of things that provide prestige. Often, exhibitions and performances are visited not for the sake of aesthetic pleasure, but in order to be known as a cultured person (and to feel that way). But the understanding of beauty cannot be bought for money, just as you cannot really be respected and loved, receiving only external signs of attention from other people.

Substitution of values \u200b\u200bby their material carriers sometimes leads to an indifferent, scornful and mocking attitude towards the highest spiritual values \u200b\u200band ideals of human existence. It happens that the personality itself ceases to be a value and begins to be considered as a thing. As a result, a person is absorbed by the external environment and himself becomes a thing among other things, a slave to circumstances, a toy in the hands of unknown forces. He goes with the flow, does what he has to do, because that's the way it is.

The Roman philosopher Lucius Seneca (4 BC - 65 AD) wrote: “The wise man does not like wealth, but prefers it to poverty; he does not open his heart to him, but lets him into his house. " Let's do the same: keep things out of your heart, but open the doors of your home for them. And to feel rich, we limit our desires.

The set of necessary items varies depending on many factors: the achievements of scientific and technological revolution, the level of well-being, the material development of society. So, for example, your grandmother in her youth had no idea about a mixer for whipping cream, and your grandfather about an electric drill. Your parents considered these items prestigious, but for you they are already required. More technically complex and expensive things are also firmly included in household use: a food processor, a multifunctional vacuum cleaner, a VCR, an automatic washer and so on. These devices and devices allow us to make our life more comfortable.

So, with all the variety of specific social and domestic interests, we can say that they are associated with the non-productive material and social sphere of human life and are aimed at creating comfortable conditions to meet the relevant human needs. Of course, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe level of household comfort largely depends on the social status of a person; the level of his claims and wealth; material well-being; needs for specific goods, etc. But the set of these objects and phenomena, in general, is quite typical and constitutes the material and material environment of a person.

CULTURE OF HOUSEHOLD RELATIONS

Acting primarily as the main space for the reproduction of the individual, everyday activity, on the one hand, is as immutable in its purpose as labor (because without satisfying physiological and everyday needs, as well as without labor, a person cannot exist). On the other hand, it contains a certain freedom to choose a variant of behavior, a sequence of actions, which is a characteristic of predominantly leisure activities. Hence, householdactivity turns out to be, in fact, intermediate betweendo work and leisure.

The material and material habitat serves to ensure the most comfortable living conditions for a person; satisfaction of his needs and desires; creating a warm and friendly climate. Let us also pay attention to the fact that

you need to learn correct behavior, to form a culture of everyday relations.

Under the culture of everyday relationships, traditionally poniesrules and norms of behavior of people in non-productionmilitary material and social spheres of life.A number of components can be distinguished: food culture; culture of arrangement and organization of living quarters; housekeeping culture; culture of organizing personal (family) leisure.

Food culturefirst of all, it involves a balanced diet, satisfies all the energy needs of the body. It is built taking into account gender, age, severity of labor, climatic conditions, national and individual characteristics each person. What constitutes food culture? Moderation in food and variety of food, balanced diet, economic calculation in the purchase of food and adherence to the diet.

Among the most difficult and laborious types of human activity is homework.If work in a specialty requires a certain range of knowledge and skills, then household chores require a wide variety of abilities and skills from a person. Here you have to be a cook and a cleaner, an artist and a dressmaker, an economist and a laundress, a teacher, a locksmith, a gardener, etc.

Household cultureevolved over the centuries. Traditionally, a woman stood by the family hearth. In modern conditions, the structure and nature of domestic work is largely determined by the quantitative composition of the family, the number of children, the presence of pensioners and sick people, the age of all family members, professional employment, the level of monetary and natural income, family microclimate, life guidelines and attitudes, the size of the living space, the level the provision of household appliances, the state of the wardrobe, the level of household amenities, the demand for goods and their supply, etc.

For a rational household, it is necessary to skillfully distribute responsibilities and types of work among family members. Even if the division of labor does not lead to a reduction in the working time, it will certainly reduce the load. It is better to distribute work taking into account the abilities, health, experience of each family member.

Necessary from the very early age teach children to work. In the beginning, this is a self-service job: collecting toys, cleaning up your bed, cleaning up your dishes. Over time, jobs and responsibilities become more complex, broadened and modified. Children must have a part of the economic burden. Rus-

russian writer K.M.Simonov (1915-1979) described in his autobiography the division of labor in his parental home. From the age of 6-7, he wiped the dust, washed the floors, helped his mother wash the dishes, peeled potatoes, looked after the kerosene stove, bought bread and meat for the family. No one ever made the bed behind him or helped him dress.

URBANIZATION AND LIFE

In large cities, many people live in close proximity, remaining mostly strangers to each other. The depersonalization of many everyday contacts in modern cities has become a fact of the social life of the entire modern society. Certain aspects of the urban lifestyle characterize the social life of modern society as a whole, and not just those who live in big cities.

Urbanization should be viewed as an ambiguous process, during which multilevel, multidimensional changes in the social, economic and cultural plan take place. The urbanization of the country is characterized not only and not so much by the growth of the size and number of cities, an increase in the number of the population living in them, but above all by the formation and ever wider spread of the urban way of life, urban culture in the proper sense of the word.

The overwhelming majority of Russian townspeople are first or second generation immigrants from the countryside. The share of urban residents in the third generation, according to rough estimates, is less than 20%. And the descendants of the pre-revolutionary townspeople are even less, for example, in Moscow - about 3%. These townspeople were literally dissolved by the huge influx of rural migrants. In small towns, where more than 15% of the city dwellers live, the way of life of the population remains close to the rural one, a considerable part of the population has a sufficiently developed subsidiary farm.

Life in megacities changes a person, his perception of nature and psyche. The urbanization process led to the destruction of previously stable traditional social ties and traditional regulatory institutions. This causes socially significant negative consequences and may turn out to be dangerous for the future of humanity. The overcrowding of the population, the facelessness of the urban environment, the lack of proper social control are aggravated by such factors as the housing problem, the spread of mass culture, an increase in the number dysfunctional families, the involvement of young people in various forms of deviant behavior, the growth of crime. The alienation of people, the growth of loneliness, the lack of mercy are becoming more noticeable.

Hence, many modern requirements for the creation of a favorable living environment follow, implying: planning of residential development; planning and placement of industrial enterprises; accessibility of the natural area and ease of contact with it; improving the forms and methods of organizing leisure time; educational and health improvement work; most importantly, the city must be governed by a strong, competent government.

To create a favorable living environment, social mood, well-being, people's satisfaction with their place of residence, and the ability to realize material and spiritual needs are decisive. The practice of urban development increasingly confirms the fact that social problems can be solved only on the basis of taking into account the interests of the population.

ШШBasic concepts:everyday life, social and everyday interests, material and material environment of a person, culture of everyday relations.

1111 Terms:types of social association and communication, interior design, housework, household chores, balanced nutrition, leisure, urbanization.

Check yourself

1) Expand the content of the concept of "life". 2) What is the peculiarity of social interests in comparison with other social interests of a person? 3) On what grounds are social and domestic relations classified? What types are distinguished based on each of them? 4) What objective and subjective factors affect the development of social and domestic interests? 5) What are the main components of the material and material human environment? 6) What is the culture of everyday relations? 7) How does urbanization affect everyday life?

Think, discuss, do

1. Formulate several rules in accordance with
which modern man can rationally organize
call the material environment of their habitat.

2. Once one of the American banks suggested
for their male depositors to calculate how much money
save their wives for the family while housekeeping.
It turned out that if you pay for everything they do in ka
laundresses, cleaning ladies, nannies, cooks, then, by the most
modest prices, there would be a more significant amount,
than their husbands' salaries. Using the example given
and drawing on personal social experience, do a few
conclusions about the importance of domestic work.

Give your opinion on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe disappearance of the individual household. How do you think the DNB story ended? Substantiate your assumptions.

6.In 1972, at the XII International seminar on the problem
mothers of the family, a group of sociologists stated that modern ten
family development trends are not associated with an even distribution
sharing household responsibilities between family members, and
with the complete destruction of the household as a social
institute.

At the same time, the modern processes taking place in the family show that the tendency towards individualization of family life is not weakening, but intensifying. Household work is constantly evolving towards greater rationalization and technical equipment. Household management in civilized forms will provide an individual basis for everyday life, preserve the uniqueness of the home, its uniqueness. Under favorable conditions, some types of domestic work will develop. Why do you think sociologists' expectations were not met?

Work with the source

Read an excerpt from the article "The Warmth of Homemade Pies" by the modern Russian writer Larisa Kuznetsova.

A kitchen that takes a woman's time gives a lot to the family as a whole. A homemade lunch on Sunday brings the whole family around the table, there are all sorts of goodies on the plates, the children are dressed up, and Mom and Dad are happy. A table conversation is not a substitute for any other conversation. At the table, we not only teach children how to hold a fork and a knife, but also how to behave in general. The ritual of Sunday lunch grows into a serious pedagogical action and an occasion for family consolidation ...

We are all professionals now. Intellectuals. According to the laws of some strange irony, the adjustment of our life is sometimes put almost in inverse relationship with the height of the intellect. Now many people know what cybernetics, synchrophasotron, supersonic speeds are. But that milk soup does not need to be cooked under a tightly closed lid, how to start pies, bake pancakes, more often those who know little about cybernetics know. Surely such a bias towards intelligence and professionalization is justified by the requirements of the moment and lies, as they say, in the mainstream of the century ... Aversion to domestic work, that's for sure, can poison life if a person does not tolerate this work, but cannot get rid of it. Therefore, I dare to express the idea that grief and difficulties in our everyday bustle arise not only for objective, but also for subjective reasons, as well as because of many ambiguities, doubts and even theoretical ambiguities about how and from which side to look at everyday life.

Much in our home bustle is gradually being replaced by public service, but much remains - for the most varied reasons. Obviously it will be so as long as the family lives. We will not once again to repeat: everyday life is, you know, awful! It sucks so much! A poorly organized and poorly thought out life is sucked in, where there is not even a hint of mutual assistance and cooperation of efforts of adults and growing up family members, where a woman is turned into a servant. In addition, the inept and dissipated of both sexes are in greater everyday slavery than smart smart people whose hands are good for everything.

Kuznetsova L,The warmth of homemade pies // Be happy. -

M., 1990.- S. 272-273.

Yves Questions and tasks to the source. 1) How, according to the author, are the height of intellect and the well-organized life connected? 2) The author writes that "grievances and difficulties in our everyday bustle arise not only for objective, but also for subjective reasons." Give some examples to illustrate these words of the author. 3) Based on the text of the source and the paragraph, indicate what requirements the everyday life of a modern person should meet.

Human needs and interests? What is interpersonal interaction? What are its main types? What characterizes the psychology of family relationships? How does gender affect human behavior?

In the process of a person's daily life, everyday relationships develop. Household relations - this steady system everyday non-production connections between people by occasion satisfaction them priority by-

needs (food, clothing, housing, health maintenance, childcare, as well as the development of spiritual benefits, culture, communication, recreation, entertainment, physical and cultural development).

Living conditions are of great importance for preservation of human health and performance. That is why everyday life and everyday relationships have become the subject of study in various sciences. Sociology examines everyday relations at various levels of social organization: family, neighbors; studies the established standards of life. Household relationships are studied and social psychology. Its perspective is motives of people's behavior, interpersonal communication in the sphere of everyday relations. How to rationally manage the household, distribute household chores and responsibilities? These and other similar questions are answered by economic the science. Under the influence of socio-economic and geographical conditions, various peoples develop a complex of everyday norms, traditions, customs, and rituals. Therefore, everyday life is also studied by such a science as ethnography.

SOCIAL AND HOUSEHOLD INTERESTS

The values \u200b\u200bof everyday life are qualities that provide comfort, bring joy. The arrangement of everyday life, including housing, is one of the main concerns of everyday life. Socially- household interests human ka directed on those subjects and phenomena, which way us to satisfy his needs, lying per outside production spheres.

There are various classifications of social and domestic interests. Here are some examples of them.

IN dependencies from quality needs distinguish socially- household interests, directed on satisfyingly rhenium material needs, and interests, related from needs development human, determined level develop tiya human and his self-awareness. The former include interests focused on providing a person with food, footwear, clothing, and household items; payment for housing, utilities and transport services; care for the preservation and maintenance of health; this also includes the housing interests of a person (building their own house, dacha or garage, renovating an apartment, etc.), as well as interests related to household labor (housekeeping, maintaining personal subsidiary plots (buying mineral fertilizers, livestock, feed , seeds, seedlings, construction of premises, etc.) The second group traditionally includes the leisure interests of a person (visiting theaters, concerts, etc.), as well as interests that allow

create the most optimal conditions for raising the level of education, etc. (Remember other spiritual needs of a person and suggest what interests in the social sphere they generate.)

IN dependencies from types social associations and about schenia highlight the everyday interests of the family, neighbors, comrade companies, youth groups, etc.

By territorial sign distinguish between the social and everyday interests of urban, rural residents, residents of megalopolises, large, medium and small cities, etc.

Demographic sign underlies the allocation of social and domestic interests of children, youth, middle-aged, elderly people, etc.

Of course, objects and ways of satisfying needs are different. One person needs a minimum set of products, for him nutrition is only a way to maintain a normal level of functioning of the body. For another, it is important to eat well and tasty. Moreover, the ways to satisfy the same need of one person vary in different conditions. At the same time, the processes taking place in the sphere of everyday life lead to the standardization of some of its elements. This gives rise to a similar form life from representatives of certain social and professional groups.

The world of everyday life is described by many concepts, the concept of "lifestyle" occupies an important place among them.

a person lies, whether she is professional, demographic, ethnic or whatever.

“Quality of life” is a category that expresses the quality of satisfying the material and cultural needs of people (quality of food, clothing, home comfort, etc.). If the standard of living gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe quantitative parameters of the mode of activity, then the quality of life reveals its essential and substantial sides, i.e. the nature and content of labor, the quality of the environment, etc.

MATERIAL-MATERIAL HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

The main components of the material and material environment of a person in everyday life primarily include dwelling and objects that ensure the comfort of a person's living.

In the broad sense of the word, a house is a place where a person recovers after a hard day, communicates with family and friends, finds comfort and tranquility; a kind of "ecological niche" where a person is recognized and loved, provides an opportunity to hide from everyday storms and get support. Nothing in the setting should cause unpleasant sensations, annoy, interfere, or be uncomfortable. It is not by chance that when characterizing domestic relations they use such a concept as "home".

normal life and family development opportunities. Security, location, provision of all utilities are planned during construction and often do not depend on the inhabitants of the dwelling.

We can not always radically change what the architect conceived and built by the builder, but it is in our power to give our home individuality, originality, make it cozy and comfortable. Comfort, mood, rest, saving time, and sometimes cash costs are largely determined by the interior decoration and arrangement of the dwelling, or its interior (from French interieur - internal), which must first of all correspond to the complex of vital needs, lifestyle, interests and tastes of a person and (or) family.

Unfortunately, today many Russian families do not have the opportunity to live in comfortable living conditions. Solving housing and household problems requires significant efforts from both the citizens themselves and the state.

The set of necessary items varies depending on many factors: the achievements of scientific and technological revolution, the level of well-being, the material development of society. So, for example, your grandmother in her youth had no idea about a mixer for whipping cream, and your grandfather about an electric drill. Your parents considered these items prestigious, but for you they are already required. More technically complex and expensive things are also firmly included in household use: a food processor, a multifunctional vacuum cleaner, a VCR, an automatic washing machine, etc. These devices and devices allow us to make our life more comfortable.

So, with all the variety of specific social and domestic interests, we can say that they are associated with the non-productive material and social sphere of human life and are aimed at creating comfortable conditions for satisfying the corresponding human needs. Of course, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe level of household comfort largely depends on the social status of a person; the level of his claims and wealth; material well-being; needs for specific goods, etc. But the set of these objects and phenomena, in general, is quite typical and constitutes the material and material environment of a person.

CULTURE OF HOUSEHOLD RELATIONS

Acting primarily as the main space for the reproduction of the individual, everyday activity, on the one hand, is as immutable in its purpose as labor (because without satisfying physiological and everyday needs, as well as without labor, a person cannot exist). On the other hand, it contains a certain freedom to choose a variant of behavior, a sequence of actions, which is a characteristic of predominantly leisure activities. Hence, household activity turns out, by essence, intermediate between doo labor and leisure.

that it is necessary to learn the correct behavior, to form a culture of everyday relations.

Under culture household relations traditionally pony mumble regulations and norms behavior of people in non-production venous material and social spheres life. A number of components can be distinguished: food culture; culture of arrangement and organization of living quarters; housekeeping culture; culture of organizing personal (family) leisure.

Culture nutrition first of all, it involves a balanced diet, satisfies all the energy needs of the body. It is built taking into account gender, age, severity of labor, climatic conditions, national and individual characteristics of each person. What constitutes food culture? Moderation in food and variety of food, balanced diet, economic calculation in the purchase of food and adherence to the diet.

Among the most difficult and laborious types of human activity is home job. If work in a specialty requires a certain range of knowledge and skills, then household chores require a wide variety of abilities and skills from a person. Here you have to be a cook and a cleaner, an artist and a dressmaker, an economist and a laundress, a teacher, a locksmith, a gardener, etc.

Culture conducting home farms evolved over the centuries. Traditionally, a woman stood by the family hearth. In modern conditions, the structure and nature of domestic work is largely determined by the quantitative composition of the family, the number of children, the presence of pensioners and sick people, the age of all family members, professional employment, the level of monetary and natural income, family microclimate, life guidelines and attitudes, the size of the living space, the level the provision of household appliances, the state of the wardrobe, the level of household amenities, the demand for goods and their supply, etc.

Life in megacities changes a person, his perception of nature and psyche. The urbanization process led to the destruction of previously stable traditional social ties and traditional regulatory institutions. This causes socially significant negative consequences and may turn out to be dangerous for the future of humanity. The overcrowding of the population, the facelessness of the urban environment, the lack of proper social control are aggravated by such factors as the housing problem, the spread of mass culture, the increase in the number of dysfunctional families, the involvement of young people in various forms of deviant behavior, and the rise in crime. The alienation of people, the growth of loneliness, the lack of mercy are becoming more noticeable.

ШШThe main concepts: everyday life, social and everyday interests, material and material environment of a person, culture of everyday relations.

1111 Terms: types of social association and communication, interior design, housework, household chores, balanced nutrition, leisure, urbanization.

Check yourself

Think, discuss, do

1. Formulate several rules in accordance with

which modern man can rationally organize
call the material environment of their habitat.
for their male depositors to calculate how much money
save their wives for the family while housekeeping.
It turned out that if you pay for everything they do in ka
laundresses, cleaning ladies, nannies, cooks, then, by the most
modest prices, there would be a more significant amount,
than their husbands' salaries. Using the example given
and drawing on personal social experience, do a few
conclusions about the importance of domestic work.

In Germany, for more than a hundred years, there has been a law according to which
much children are required to do housework. Of the law
the government determines the range of work: up to 6 years old - only games; 6-
10 years - help in washing dishes, small purchases; ten-
14 years old - lawn cleaning, shoe shine; 14-16 years old - work
on a personal plot. Suggest why the circle is obya
were the children's interests distributed in this way?
Why do you think such a law was created and for what?
Do you think that such a law should be passed in
Russia? Explain your answer.
Please comment on the following information: German
the family spends 12.1 hours a week just cleaning the premises
sa. This is as much as our specialists planned
for all types of households per week.
In Moscow in the 60s. XX century according to the plan of the enthusiasts was
the House of New Life (DNB) was built. Its creators sincerely ve
thought that he would serve as a model for new living conditions,
liberating the family from "domestic slavery". Architek
torah placed a dining room, cafe, cafeteria, department
cooking, laundry, hairdresser, club. In apartments
kitchens were not provided, a small snack was made
current for a small stove "just in case". The assumption
elk that the family will not waste time and energy at home
her cooking.

Give your opinion on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe disappearance of the individual household. How do you think the DNB story ended? Substantiate your assumptions.

6.In 1972, at the XII International seminar on the problem

mothers of the family, a group of sociologists stated that modern ten
family development trends are not associated with an even distribution
sharing household responsibilities between family members, and
with the complete destruction of the household as a social
institute.

Work with the source

Read an excerpt from the article "The Warmth of Homemade Pies" by the modern Russian writer Larisa Kuznetsova.

Much in our home bustle is gradually being replaced by public service, but much remains - for the most varied reasons. Obviously it will be so as long as the family lives. Let's not repeat once again: everyday life is, you know, awful! It sucks so much! A poorly organized and poorly thought out life is sucked in, where there is not even a hint of mutual assistance and cooperation of efforts of adults and growing up family members, where a woman is turned into a servant. In addition, the inept and dissipated of both sexes are in greater everyday slavery than smart smart people whose hands are good for everything.

Kuznetsova L, The warmth of homemade pies // Be happy. -

M., 1990.- S. 272-273.

Yves Questions and tasks to the source. 1) How, according to the author, are the height of intellect and the well-organized life connected? 2) The author writes that "grievances and difficulties in our everyday life arise not only for objective, but also for subjective reasons." Give some examples to illustrate these words of the author. 3) Based on the text of the source and the paragraph, indicate what requirements the everyday life of a modern person should meet.

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