Gold - element of the side subgroup of the first group, the sixth period of the periodic system of chemical elements D. I. Mendeleev, with atomic number 79. is indicated by the AU symbol (lat. Aurum). A simple substance Gold (CAS number: 7440-57-5) - noble metal yellow color.
Physical propertiesPure gold is a soft metal yellow color. A reddish tint of some gold products, for example, coins, give impurities of other metals, in particular copper. In thin films, gold shines green. Gold has exceptionally high thermal conductivity and low electrical resistance. Gold is a very hard metal: pure gold density is 19621 kilograms in a cubic meter (a pure gold ball with a diameter of 46 mm has a mass of 1 kg). A liter bottle filled with gold sand, weighs approximately 16 kg. Gold severity - plus for its prey. The simplest technological processes, such as, for example, washing at gateways, can provide a very high degree of gold extraction from the washed breed. Gold is very carpet and hard. From a piece of gold weighing one gram, you can pull the wire with a length of three kilometers or make a gold foil 500 times thinner of the human hair (0.1 μm). Through such a sheet of foil, the Light beam shines in greenish color. The softness of pure gold is so great that it can be scratched with a nail. Therefore, in jewelry, gold is always melted with copper or silver. The composition of such alloys is expressed by a breakdown, which indicates the number of weights of gold in 1000 parts of the alloy (in Russian practice). The test of chemically pure gold corresponds to 999.9 sample - it is also called "bank" gold, as ingots are made of such gold.
The use of X-ray fluorescence analysis for analyzing and controlling the content of gold in industry:- In electrical engineering: in its chemical resistance and mechanical strength, gold is inferior to most platinoids, but is indispensable as material for electrical contacts. Therefore, in microelectronics, gold conductors and galvanic coatings with gold contact surfaces, connector, printed circuit boards are used very widely. Accordingly, it is necessary to control the quality of raw materials, the percentage and thickness of the gold coating.
- In science: Gold is used as a target in nuclear research, as a coating mirrors operating in the far infrared range, as a special shell in the neutron bomb.
- Golden solders are very well wetting various metal surfaces and are used when soldering metals. Thin gaskets made of soft gold alloys are used in ultra-high vacuum technique.
- In dentistry: Significant amounts of gold consumes dentistry: crowns and dentures are made of gold alloys with silver, copper, nickel, platinum, zinc. Such alloys combine corrosion resistance with high mechanical properties.
- In Pharmacology: Gold compounds are part of some medicines used to treat a number of diseases (tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.). Radioactive gold is used in the treatment of malignant tumors
The gilding of metals (in antiquity - exclusively the amalgamy method is currently predominantly galvanic) is widely used as a corrosion protection method. Although this coating is not noble metals It has significant drawbacks (softness of the coating, high potential at point corrosion), it is also common due to the fact that the finished product acquires the appearance of very expensive, "golden".
In jewelryThe traditional and largest consumer of gold is the jewelry industry. Jewelry is not made of pure gold, and from its alloys with other metals, significantly superior gold in mechanical strength and resistance. Currently, for this, AU-AG-CU alloys are served, which may contain zinc, nickel, cobalt, palladium. Resistance to corrosion of such alloys is determined mainly by the content of gold in them, and color shades and mechanical properties - the ratio of silver and copper. The most important characteristic of jewelry is their sample, which characterizes the content of gold in them. Because The jewelry business is critical to damage to the samples (chip, spice, scratch), a non-destructive test method is easier to control the sample to conduct the Russian Federation by the method, it does not leave the slightest track, accurate, and the test takes up to several minutes. X-ray fluorescent analysis is very important to determine the content of gold and penetration in jewelry, numismatics, determination of the composition of coins.
In dentistrySignificant amounts of gold consume dentistry: crowns and dentures are made of gold alloys with silver, copper, nickel, platinum, zinc. Such alloys combine corrosion resistance with high mechanical properties. An analysis of gold content in dental crowns and dentistry is very important.
XRF Goldxpert Analyzer Olympus Innov-X is a simple, highly profitable device that allows you to get chemical composition Alloy and classification of purity in carats by one non-destructive and imperimental test.
With the XRF of the Goldxpert analyzer, you can:
- Quickly and accurately evaluate gold items during buying. Instant definition of gold sample, 0-24 carats;
- Identify and distinguish a wide range of alloys, including silver alloys, platinum, and others;
- Determine toxic elements in samples;
- Control the quality control of affinage and smelting;
- Identify impurities;
- Determine the content of silver and other metals in gold;
- Confirm the content of gold in scrap metal;
- Determine the content of gold and silver in coins;
- Determine the content of palladium in jewels;
- Analyze platinum products. Determination of all alloying elements;
- To analyze dental alloys.
Important reasons for choosing Goldxpert:
- Goldxpert is very compact, occupies minimum working surface.
- Attractive design suitable for demonstration hall.
- Easy use - results of the analysis of the composition and purity in karats when you press the button.
- Accurate chemical analysis and definition of the sample per second.
- Fast and easy creation of reports and certificates of results (with optional PC optional software).
- The test chamber with the overview window and the inner backlight allows you to constantly see the sample during the test, which is important for the confidence of the client safe.
- Rechargeable battery allows you to analyze anywhereFor example, you can take with you Goldxpert when visiting customers or suppliers.
- GOLDXPERT can be connected to a computer network to access the results of the analysis of several experts.
- Analyzer represents safe system with closed-type beamHe is easy to learn and usually requires a minimum of training.
- Powerful 4 W X-ray tube provides reliable and accurate analytical characteristics.
- Automatic correction on the shape and size of the sample.
- A large amount of memory for storing and archiving analysis results.
- Built-in camera and collimation stains for the focused analysis and archiving images of samples.
- Fully non-destructive test method.
Construction review
Attractive towing precious metals analyzer, suitable for the demo room, can also be connected to the network to solve high-product quality / quality assurance tasks. The big camera cover is instantly opens when you click on the front-latch button. Goldxpert can also function as a portable portable analyzer, operating from a lithium-ion battery. Compact and lightweight, which weighs only 10 kg, Goldxpert is easily transferred to the place of analysis.
- The overview window of the pork glass compartment of the measuring compartment allows you to see the sample inside the chamber.
- Built-in camera Specifies the analysis points of the samples and ensures the guidance of the beam.
- Safety - XRF system with a closed radiation source.
- Little desktop corps: 267x310x340 (with a closed lid).
- Lights LEDs Camera for samples: 125x210x180.
- Visible 360 \u200b\u200b° light indicator of mode of operation.
- Portability - Working from an additional battery for portable.
- USB port for quick data export and printing.
- Clear, bright, color touchscreen display.
- The silicon PIN detector is offered in the basic configuration. Alternatively, a silicon drift detector (SDD) is offered if needed higher precision and sensitivity.
GOLDXPERT is equipped with a built-in CMOS camera, which saves the sample image in memory with the results of the analysis to form a report.
The collimation of the X-ray beam is used to measure intrinsments, small components and samples of small sizes. The simple press of the button activates the focusing of the stain with a diameter of 3 mm 2, and the indicator on the screen shows the exact location of the stain focus when analyzing. Colimation can be easily installed on a decrease diameter of 10 mm for analyzing ordinary samples.
The data is easily transmitted to the PC in a tabular format, and the remote memory access is possible when the Goldxpert is connected to the computer network through the Windows CE operating system.
Using special PC software with one click of the button, you can create reports on the results according to the specified template. The certificate of the test may contain the results of the analysis, the image of the measured sample, the company's logo and other information.
Analytical features
In economic conditions where quick and accurate results are more important than ever, XRF Goldxpert Precious Metals Analyzer Provides exceptional reproducibility and accuracy. Olympus Innov-X analyzers provide you with the advantage and benefit of simple operational analysis, so you can be absolutely confident in your assets in gold and precious metals.
The presented accuracy and reproducibility data were formed using Goldxpert with SIPIN technology detector and typical of characteristics inherent SIPIN systems:
Precious metals forged always.
Pilot the sample, adding an extra amount of ignite metals to the gold alloy, created externally similar For noble Aurum, yellow alloys in which there was not a gram of gold.
Demand gives birth to an offer, while the demand for cheap gold imitation was always great.
During the XIX and especially the XX century, the "Industry of Imitation" developed especially quickly.
Another example: There is also the so-called "white gold" - gold alloy, which is valued as high as the classic yellow, and in some cases above. But with visual inspection to distinguish White gold from silver or platinum difficult.
In order to accurately determine from what metal or alloy metals created jewelry, cast ingot or minted coin, and designed precious metals.
The analyzer of precious metals is a device designed to determine which metal is done by a particular product - ring, coin, ingot, etc.
Device determines the accurate quantitative composition Different chemical elements in the product, shows the percentage ratio of noble metals to non-financial.
Simplistic speaking, the modern precious metallol analyzer determines how much the product contains clean:
- gold;
- silver;
- palladium;
- rhodium;
- other noble metals, and how many impurities (, chromium, etc.).
By the ratio of gold or silver to the amount of impurities is determined processing product.
So, for example, the most common gold in Russia in Russia contains 58,5% pure metal, and everything else makes impuritiesintroduced to give the alloy greater strength, since pure gold is too soft.
Some devices immediately show the sample, others give up a numeric code or the content of different metals in percent, and the sample defines an appraiser according to a special table.
Of course, if there is no precious metals in the product, the device will also show it too.
Principles of operation of the device
The analyzer of precious metals from a constructive point of view is a highly specialized metal detector, similar to those used in other areas, for example in metal rolling.
Only he is certified and sharpened under detection and recognition of non-iron and carbon in the steel alloy, and not copper and tin in bronze, but precious metals: Gold, silver, platinum in combination with various possible additives.
Only non-destructive testing can be used to verify the quality of jewelry. It imposes restrictions on physico-chemical methodsthat can be applied to research.
It is quite logical - it is impossible to spoil the product, separating fragments from it for chemical checks.
At the moment, two principles of operation are used to create analyzers of precious metals: x-ray fluorescent and electrochemical.
X-ray fluorescence
This method is based on the impact on the object. low-power X-ray radiation With the help of an artificial or natural source.
In early devices, natural - plutonium-238, iron-55, etc., are used more often artificially applied.
Radiation power is so small that can't damage man Even with prolonged use of the device.
The X-ray stream "strikes" to the object, causing its response glow in an invisible to the human eye X-ray spectrum. The induced response study, which is a flow of electrons, is captured by a highly sensitive sensor. This is fluorescence.
Each chemical element gives his characteristic "glow" In the corresponding spectrum. The greater the content of a substance, the more powerful it will be fluorescent.
Special program analyzes the total range of radiation and determines the percentage the content of different metals With a high degree of accuracy - up to 0.1%. For each metal an individual program is needed.
Another name of this device is an energy dispersive detector, or spectrometer.
Electrochemical analysis
This method uses an electrochemical reaction that occurs when metal contact with electrolyte - sulfuric or hydrochloric acid, divorced in water.
The idea of \u200b\u200bthis method is that each metal has its own, unique electrical conductivity parameters.
When checking this device on the jewelry, the conductive contact from the analyzer is fixed.
The second contact is combined with the sensor, which, in turn, is combined with a container containing electrolyte.
On the surface of the product a drop of electrolyte is squeezed.
Immediately after that, the electrochemical reaction - Part of the electrons goes into electrolyte. At the same time it becomes possible to determine the metal from which the product was created by its electrical conductivity.
Electric conduct determined by voltagewhich occurs at the point of contact of the electrolyte stain and the metal surface of the product.
To determine the exact chemical composition of the substance a comparison with a reference made from platinum is used.. Platinum typically perform one of the electrodes.
This method also requires a special software firmware in the memory of the device. At the moment it is considered obsoleteAlthough a large number of electrochemical detectors are still used in different compartments of the chamber of the chamber, on customs specialists, in the pawnshops, etc.
How to analyze gold and other precious metals by the detector?
It all depends on the principle on which the analyzer is built and its design. The easiest way to contact portable spectrometer, which looks like a manual scannerUsed in stores.
You need to install the alleged metal in the settings (i.e. to select what we will check), enter additional parameters (in some models) - this may be, for example, the "White Gold" setting so that the device is initially compartment for some impurities in it.
After that, it is necessary direct emitter detector on the product and wait for a while - 15-20 seconds.
After that, information on the chemical composition of the object under study will appear on the screen.
It is more difficult to work with stationary devices, especially with those that work on an electrochemical principle.
This requires certain knowledge.
Before starting the device, the device is necessary:
- calibrate;
- set the correct mode;
- correctly connect the contacts to the studied sample.
Review of detectors for checking precious metals and their price
For comparison, we will take three models - two domestic and one - foreign production.
- "Prism-M" produced by GC "Granat".
- Detector of Gold "Demon-Yu" production "Ultramag".
- "Goldxpert" produced by the Japanese company
Analyzer "Prism-M" From the St. Petersburg group of companies "Granat" is a professional device recommended for state tubes, customs posts, pawnshops, etc.
The principle of operation is x-ray fluorescent.
Type - stationary, portable type.
To scan the product, it is necessary to put it in a special camera chamber.
The gold detector "Prism-M" also determines silver, palladium, rhodium, platinum and the content of various impurities in them in concentration to 0.1%.
Full weight - 11 kg. The battery life is up to 2 hours. A large number of modes provides the flexibility of the product setting.
The cost is available on request. Approximately - within 100,000 rubles.
Detector "Demon-U" - This is a portable device for determining the sample of gold and other precious metals working on an electrochemical principle.
Completed with electrodes, a probe sensor and an electrolyte tank.
The device is able to recognize gold, silver, palladium and platinum of the most common samples. It has 2 main work programs - for white and yellow metals.
According to the characteristics it is a tester that is intended only for determining the authenticity of the sample jewelry. Its accurate chemical composition is not shown.
Cost - 21 000 rubles.
Device for checking gold and not only "GOLDXPERT" - Professional Japanese production equipment using spectroscopy method.
With a basic firmware, it is capable of determining and identifying 25 different noble and non-poor metals, including all metals ranging to precious.
Determines elements from silver to iridium and osmia, and a large number of others, including:
- copper;
- iron;
- zinc;
- manganese;
- nickel;
- cobalt and others.
Structurally and in dimensions and mass is similar to the device "Prism-M". The cost is also available on request and approximately comparable to the price of the domestic counterpart.
The video shows the process of operation of the device to determine the Goldxpert gold sample:
Conclusion
The analyzer of precious metals is a necessary device for someone who is often faced with the need check for one or another jewel. It will come in handy even if you are simply possible, the find is not so valuable, or vice versa.
Modern professional level detectors provide high verification accuracy. More simple portable models are advisable to use if you need to make a simplified check of the product on the road.
In contact with
X-ray fluorescent metal analyzers from the company are excellent for geological exploration and geochemistry, allow real-time to obtain high-quality and accurate results, which allows for a quick assessment of soil, ores and other solid rocks. Per last yearsThe X-ray fluorescent method of analysis (XRF) has changed a lot, and improvements in the field of the Russian Federation-analysis significantly increased the amount of elements measured by a portable analyzer, including the detection limits and decreased the analysis time itself.
X-ray fluorescent analyzer OLYMPUS Vanta M - allows you to quickly and efficiently analyze different types Images associated with the exploration of gold deposits (AU) in gold mines, mining laboratories and affinized metals (AU).
The main advantages of gold analyzer - Olympus Vanta M
- The rapid and qualitative determination of the possible mineralization of gold (AU) by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) satellite elements in the soil, drill slam and core.
- Optimization of financial costs for analyzes by switching sampling and extremely effective drilling planning due to pre-x-ray fluorescent (XRF) analysis of samples.
- The best understanding and modeling of ore deposits with a smaller debris and a large gold extraction coefficient; Geological mapping of constructive features and identification of zones of mineralization and altered rocks
- Low-cost and fast typification of rocks using the Russian Federation-analysis for lithohyochemistry
| Type of field | Geochemical profile |
| Orogen. AU. | S, AS, CO 2, K +/- SB, TE, MO, W, CU, PB, ZN, HG |
| Highly vulfid epithermal | AG, CU, TE, MO, BI, SN |
| Malosulfide epithermal | Zn, HG, SE, K, AS, SB, AG / AU |
| Carlin type | AS, SB, HG, TL |
| Porphional Cu-Au field | CU, PB, ZN, AG |
| Skarnoye deposits Au. | BI, TE, AS, CO |
| Intrusive rocks | BI, W, AS, SB, MO, TE |
| VHMS. | CU, PB, ZN, AG, BA, K, MG +/- CO 2 |
| Iron oxide CU-AU (U) | F, P, CO, NI, AS, MO, AG, BA, U, LREE |
| Supergenic AU. | Pure Au +/- one of the above elements |
Geochemical Indicators for Gold Analysis (AU)
Gold deposits (AU) have their corresponding geochemical profile. X-ray fluorescent (XRF) Analyzer can automatically determine this geochemical profile, allowing geologists to better understand the geological system in which they work. Typical Gold (AU) Satellite Elements include: arsenic (AS), Copper (CU), Lead (PB), Zinc (Zn), Antimony (SB), bismuth (BI), Silver (AG) and tungsten ( W).
Limits of detection (LOD) known gold satellite elements (AU) when using Olympus Vanta M geochemistry
X-ray fluorescent (XRF) Olympus Vanta M Gold Analyzer
It is known that portable X-ray fluorescent (XRF) metals analyzers do not support direct measurements of low gold concentrations (AU) in geological samples (PPM and PPB). Therefore, the laboratory method for determining the content of gold (AU) is more preferable. X-ray lines of the L-level of gold (AU) are located in places of large accumulation of the X-ray fluorescence energy spectrum. In this part of the spectrum, the effect on the part of other elements, such as: arsenic (AS), zinc (Zn), tungsten (W) and selenium (SE) - can give a false-positive definition of gold (AU).
Direct measurements of gold (AU) by X-ray fluorescent (XRF) is possible only in several cases:
- In quartz veins of large concentrations (\u003e 5 ppm) and relatively free of interference
- In Au's affined metals (where Au is present in very large concentrations)
Local mine laboratories are increasingly using portable x-ray fluorescent (XRF) analyzers instead, or as a supplement to methods of test analysis.
Portable X-ray fluorescent (XRF) Analyzers are used on mines for Gold Measurement (AU) in Activated Angle.
LLC "PVP" SNK "- official representative of the company
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