Physical education lectures for students. Lectures on the course: "physical culture

Topic 1. PHYSICAL CULTURE IN GENERAL CULTURAL AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF STUDENTS

1.1 PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT - COMPONENTS OF THE GENERAL CULTURE OF SOCIETY

The level of culture of society is largely determined by the degree of development, disclosure and use of individual human abilities.It is especially important to emphasize that in the system of universal cultural values, one of the main components is the level of health and physical fitness of the entire population at different age periods and especially in the first half. life, which determines the possibility of mastering all other values.

Physical culture and sports are an independent type of human activity, the significance of which in the development of society is very diverse. They exert a certain influence on social production, on the formation of a person as a person, on the development of social relations.

Physical culture is part of the general culture of society, aimed at strengthening and improving health. She performs a social function - the education of a comprehensively and harmoniously developed personality,

At present, the understanding of physical culture as a social and individual value has increased, which makes it possible to form new trends in the development of public opinion and personal motivations for mastering the values \u200b\u200bof physical culture by everyone.

If even in the not very distant past physical exercises were the lot of enthusiasts, athletes and athletes, now they are becoming an increasingly necessary component of education and healthy way life of every person. One of the main tasks of a civilized society is the introduction of active motor activity into the daily mode of life. The most important motive of this is the desire to increase the body's resistance to various adverse environmental conditions, maintain health, active working capacity and eliminate manifestations of chronic pathology.

The goal of physical culture and sports is also to expand the range of maximum limiting capabilities of the body of healthy people to maintain a stable state and the ability to overcome extreme factors associated with certain working conditions and social activities of a person.

The rapid progress of production, a decrease in the share of physical labor in everyday life, a significant intellectual, emotional and psychological stress of work activity in the conditions of a sharp decrease in the physical activity of this main regulator of the state of functions of the human body in previous generations, exposed the deficit of physical culture of the majority of the population.

Life has shown that even the most outstanding achievements of modern medicine are not able to fundamentally affect the process of physical degradation of a person. They can, at best, only slow it down, save what can still be saved. The fashionable thesis about the need to protect nature can now be supplemented with a call for the protection of nature by man himself (V.K.Balsevich, 1986). Most scientists around the world consider the main source of development and health promotion to be systematic physical activity throughout life.

Awareness of the role of physical culture in the life of a person and society has increased in recent decades. The impetus for this is the importance of physical culture as a factor in improving human nature, as an element of compensation for the developing imbalance in the required volume and quality of physical activity, on the one hand, and real physical activity in everyday life, on the other hand.

In terms of the strength of its impact on a person, sport is promoted to one of the central places in the cultural life of society. As one of the spheres of social activity in our society, physical culture and sports are important means of enriching Russian culture. Nowadays, physical culture and sports are very popular. Messages about sports records and the results of major international sports competitions fly around the world at lightning speed. The world press uses the loudest epithets when describing physical culture and sports: “Sport is a phenomenon of the XX century”, “Physical culture is an integral element of the value system of modern culture”, “Sport is a mirror of public life”, etc.

Physical culture and sports attract more and more attention of sociologists, physicians, historians, teachers, philosophers and specialists in other sciences. Articles and books are written about sports, plays and films are dedicated to it. All this is not just a tribute to fashion, but a reflection of the place in the life of modern society that physical culture and sports have taken in it.

Physical activity directly carried out by everyone is also connected with motivations, the level of physical education and the volume of accumulated experience: The main components of any personal cultural value are the quality of organization, consistency, compliance with the goals of physical training, adequacy to the state of the body, age, level of physical fitness

Thus, it is in the physical activity of a person that the potential of his physical culture is realized, the ability to improve his physical nature is reflected on the basis of using and mastering the knowledge, experience, technological and material capabilities accumulated by the whole society and attitudes corresponding to the conditions of life.

1.2. VALUES OF PHYSICAL CULTURE

In physical culture, two main values \u200b\u200bcan be distinguished:

public (nationwide);

personal (individual).

The basis of the social group of values \u200b\u200bis the general level of knowledge about the methods and means of developing and improving the physical potential of a person. This general scientific and technological potential, physical culture constitutes its intellectual basis, which includes an extensive complex of specialized knowledge about human physical activity, rules, methods and conditions for their implementation in human upbringing. This knowledge, obtained by medicine, physiology, pedagogy, psychology and sports science in cooperation with many other sciences, is the main value of physical culture, the common heritage of all mankind.

At the same time, this knowledge by thousands of threads connects physical culture with other areas of human knowledge and with general culture. Through him, their mutual enrichment occurs.

Another physical culture value is the experience of physical education and physical training of young people accumulated by society, the experience of organizing physical activity. Even in the relatively recent past, such experience, in fact, was the only way to accumulate knowledge about physical activity, about the ways of bodily improvement, physical training of a person. Thanks to traditions, customs and rituals, the physical culture of peoples developed and enriched, its values \u200b\u200bwere passed on from generation to generation. In our time, the significance of experience and practice is largely reduced to testing new ideas, although its transmission through the channels of cultural continuity still does not lose its relevance, especially in the field of family physical education.

Just as the masterpieces of outstanding old and new masters are kept in the funds of musical culture and painting, masterpieces of the achievements of the perfection of movements and physical activity of a person are kept in the annals of the culture of physical activity. Unfortunately, until recently it was not possible to capture many of these achievements for posterity, and their cultural value was sometimes limited to the statement of taking a new milestone in the process of physical improvement of a person and the disclosure of his physical capabilities. However, even these achievements have remained and remain a considerable value, quite material evidence of an increase in the level of physical culture of mankind.

An important and not yet sufficiently meaningful value in the field of physical culture is public opinion, the level of prestige of physical culture and the structure of factors that determine its popularity in society. It is these circumstances that allow, to a certain extent, to assess the level of development and quality indicators of physical culture in a particular society: or in other regions.

1.2.1. Social functions of physical culture and sports

The next value can be called the level of activity of society in the field of physical culture. The activities of state and public institutions, political, organizational, propaganda, educational and upbringing, financial, economic and industrial, aimed at creating conditions for full physical activity, sports training and physical education of the population of the region, the team.

Physical culture of a person is determined by the same factors as social. In the first place it is legitimate to put the level, depth, completeness and thoroughness of knowledge of each person about the essence and rules of training, methods of organizing physical activity, ways and means of physical improvement, the laws of the functioning of your body in the process of physical activity, motor activity and its social, moral, spiritual and aesthetic value. At the same time, it should be noted that such a level of physical education is still mainly the property of a rather narrow circle of specialists and is not typical for most people.

Personal experience in organizing physical activity as a cultural value is acquired in the process of physical exercises during the period of study at the university, in physical education, sports training, with participation in various sports events. Motor experience acquired in the labor process can be added to the same category of values.

Another set of values \u200b\u200bof a person's physical culture is formed by the totality of his personal physical achievements. It is determined by the development of the level of his physical qualities and coordination abilities. Outwardly, this manifests itself in physical performance, the ability to control one's movements, competently and rationally solve habitual and new motor tasks and motor actions. The level of culture of movements largely depends on a person's ability to use their physical potential correctly.

1.3. BASIC PROVISIONS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AT THE UNIVERSITY

Physical education classes are compulsory for all students regardless of the chosen future profession and often become one and favorite during the period of study at the university.

The system of physical education is a set of ideological and scientific-methodological foundations of physical education, as well as organizations and institutions. It is aimed at developing the spiritual and physical qualities of a person, preparing him for a certain type of activity in specific socio-economic conditions.

Direct responsibility for setting up and conducting the educational process in physical education of students in accordance with the curriculum and the state program is assigned to the department of physical education of the university. Mass health-improving, physical culture and sports work is carried out by the sports club together with the department and public organizations of the university

Medical examination and monitoring of the state of health of students during training is carried out by the clinic and the health center of the university.

1.3.1. Forms of students' physical education.

Physical education at the university is carried out for 4 years for 4 hours for 1-2 courses and 2 hours for 3-4 courses according to the academic schedule. Training sessions are compulsory for everyone. They are planned in the curricula for all specialties: In addition to the compulsory ones, the following forms of physical education are provided in the schedule grid:

independent;

physical exercise during the day;

mass recreational and physical education activities according to the plan of the department

1.3.2. Tasks and organization of physical education in a higher educational institution

The purpose of physical education at the university is to promote the training of harmoniously developed, highly qualified specialists. In the process of teaching on the subject of physical education, the following tasks are solved:

education of students of high moral, spiritual, volitional and physical qualities, readiness for highly productive work and defense of the Fatherland;

preserving and strengthening the health of students, promoting the correct formation and all-round development of the body, maintaining high performance throughout the entire period of study;

comprehensive physical training of students in the amount of credit and control standards requirements;

professionally applied physical training of students, taking into account the characteristics of future work;

the acquisition by students of the necessary knowledge on the fundamentals of the theory, methodology and organization of physical education and sports training, preparation for independent studies;

improving the sports skills of student athletes;

fostering students' conviction and the need to regularly engage in physical culture and sports.

According to the beloved ... classmates, data on grades by subjects: a) literature; d) physical training; b) mathematics; e) informatics; c) physics; f) history ...

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Topic 1. Physical culture and sports as social phenomena of society

3. Physical culture of the individual

4. Values \u200b\u200bof physical culture

5. Physical culture of students

1. Physical culture and sports - components of the general culture of society

Physical Culture - part of the general culture of society, aimed at strengthening and improving the level of health. It performs a social function - the education of a comprehensively and harmoniously developed personality.

If even in the not very distant past, physical exercises were the lot of enthusiasts, athletes and athletes, then now they are becoming an increasingly necessary component of education and a healthy lifestyle for every person. One of the main tasks of a civilized society is the introduction of active motor activity into the daily mode of life. The most important motive of this is the desire to increase the body's resistance to various adverse environmental conditions, maintain health, active working capacity and eliminate manifestations of chronic pathology.

The purpose physical culture and sports is also expanding the range of maximum limiting capabilities of the body of healthy people to maintain a stable state and the ability to overcome extreme factors associated with certain working conditions and social activities of a person.

Rapid progress in production, a decrease in the share of physical labor in everyday life, significant intellectual, emotional and psychological stress work activities in the conditions of a sharp decrease in physical activity of this main regulator of the state - the functions of the human body - in previous generations, the deficit of physical culture of the majority of the population was revealed with all its severity.

Life has shown that even the most outstanding achievements of modern medicine are not able to fundamentally affect the process of physical degradation of a person. They can, at best, only slow it down, save what can still be saved. The fashionable thesis about the need to protect nature can now be supplemented with a call for the protection of nature by man himself (V.K.Balsevich, 1986). Most scientists around the world consider systematic physical activity throughout life to be the main source of development and health promotion.

Awareness of the role of physical culture in the life of a person and society has increased in recent decades. The impetus for this is the importance of physical culture as a factor in improving human nature, as an element of compensation for the developing imbalance of the required volume and quality of physical activity, on the one hand, and real physical activity in everyday life, on the other.

In terms of the strength of its impact on a person, sport is promoted to one of the central places in the cultural life of society. As one of the spheres of social activity of our society, physical culture and sports are important means of enriching Russian culture. Nowadays, physical culture and sports are very popular. Messages about sports records and the results of major international sports competitions fly around the world at lightning speed. The world press uses the loudest epithets when describing physical culture and sports: "Sport is a phenomenon of the XX century", "Physical culture is an integral element of the value system of modern culture", "Sport is a mirror of public life", etc.

Physical culture and sports attract more and more attention of sociologists, physicians, historians, teachers, philosophers and specialists in other sciences about sports, write articles, books, plays and films are dedicated to it. All this is not just a tribute to fashion, but a reflection of the place in the life of modern society that physical culture and sports have taken in it.

Physical activity directly carried out by everyone is also connected with motivations, the level of physical education and the volume of accumulated experience. The main components of any personal cultural value are the quality of organization, consistency, compliance with the goals of physical training, adequacy to the state of the body, age, level of physical fitness.

Thus, it is in the physical activity of a person that the potential of his physical culture is realized, the ability to improve his physical nature is reflected on the basis of using and mastering the knowledge, experience, technological and material capabilities accumulated by the whole society, and installations corresponding to the living conditions.

2. General concepts of the theory of physical culture

Physical culture is a complex social phenomenon that is not limited to solving problems of physical development, but also performs other social functions of society in the field of morality, education, ethics. It has no social, professional, biological, age, or geographical boundaries.

The theory of physical culture proceeds from the basic provisions of the theory of culture and is based on its concepts. At the same time, it has specific terms and concepts that reflect its essence, goals, objectives, content, as well as means, methods and guidelines.

The main and most general concept is "physical culture". As a type of culture, in general social terms, it is a vast area of \u200b\u200bcreative activity to create people's physical readiness for life (health promotion, development of physical abilities and motor skills). On a personal level, physical culture is a measure and method of all-round physical development of a person.

In this way, physical Culture Is a kind of culture, which is a specific process and result of human activity, a means and method of physical improvement of a person to fulfill social obligations.

IN structure of physical culture includes components such as physical education, sports, physical recreation (rest) and motor rehabilitation (recovery). They fully satisfy all the needs of society and the individual in physical training.

Physical education - pedagogical process aimed at the formation of special knowledge, skills, as well as the development of versatile physical abilities of a person. Like education as a whole, it is a general and eternal category of the social life of an individual and society. Its specific content and focus are determined by the needs of society for physically prepared people and are embodied in educational activities.

Sport - playing competitive activity and preparation for it; is based on the use of physical exercises and is aimed at achieving the highest results, disclosing reserve capabilities and identifying the limiting levels of the human body in physical activity. Competitiveness, specialization, focus on the highest achievements, staginess are specific features of sport as a part of physical culture.

Physical recreation (rest) - the use of physical exercises, as well as sports in simplified forms for active recreation of people, enjoying this process, entertainment, switching from ordinary activities to others. It is the main content of mass forms of physical culture and is a recreational activity.

COURSE OF LECTURES ON PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Introduction

1. Physical culture in social and professional training of students

2. Basics of a healthy lifestyle. Physical culture in ensuring health

2.1. Social aspects of health and healthy lifestyle

2.2. Factors affecting health

2.3. Conditions and lifestyle

2.4. Organization, content and methods of physical training in health-improving physical culture

2.4.1. General effects of exercise

2.4.2. Physical training principles

2.4.3. The place of physical culture in maintaining and strengthening the health of adults

3. The basics of the methodology of independent physical exercise.

Self-control when doing physical education and sports

3.1. Motivation and purposefulness of self-study

3.2. Forms and content of self-study

3.3. Features of self-study for women

3.4. Self-study management

3.5. Pulse mode of rational training load for students

3.6. Energy consumption during physical activity of different intensity

3.7. Self-study hygiene

3.8. Prevention of injury

3.9. Self-control when doing physical education and sports

4. Socio-biological foundations of physical culture

4.1. Basic concepts

4.2. The human body as a biosystem

4.3. Circulatory system

4.4. Nervous system

4.5. Endocrine system

4.6 Breathing functions

5. Psychophysiological foundations of educational work and intellectual activity. Physical culture means in the regulation of working capacity

5.1. Basic concepts

5.2. Features of student work

5.3. Formation of professionally important qualities by means of physical culture, sports and tourism

5.4. Features of the intellectual activity of students

6. General physical training in the system of physical education

6.1. Physical education

6.2 Significance of muscle relaxation

6.3. Formation of mental qualities, traits and personality traits in the process of physical education

6.4. Exercise forms

6.5. The structure of the training session

An exemplary physical training program

7. Sports. Individual choice of sports or exercise systems

7.2. Individual choice of sports or exercise systems

7.3. Features of practicing a chosen sport or a system of physical exercises

8. Professionally applied physical culture

8.1. General characteristics of PPFP

8.2. Purpose and tasks of professionally applied physical training

8.3. Means of professionally applied physical training, the basics of methods and forms of training

8.4. Application of PPAP for a specific type of activity

8.6. Development opportunities

Bibliographic list

PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN PUBLIC AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF STUDENTS

Plan:

1.1. Basic concepts of physical culture and sports

1.2. The history of the development of physical culture

1.3. Physical culture of students

1.4. The values \u200b\u200bof physical culture and sports

Basic concepts of theory and methods of physical culture

The theory of physical culture uses concepts such as "physical culture", "sport", "non-special physical education", "physical recreation", "motor rehabilitation", "physical development", "physical education", "physical training", " physical exercise ”and many others. These concepts are of the most general nature, and specific terms and concepts, one way or another, follow from the definitions of more general categories.

The main and most general of them is the concept of "physical culture". As a type of culture, in general social terms, it is a vast area of \u200b\u200bcreative activity, both scientific and practical, as well as the results of this activity in creating people's physical readiness for life. On a personal level, it is a measure and method of all-round physical development of a person.

In both cases, physical culture is of decisive importance not in itself as an area of \u200b\u200bactivity, but its qualitative results, the degree of efficiency, value, usefulness for humans and society. In a broader sense, the effectiveness of this activity can be manifested in the state of physical culture work in the country, in its material and technical, theoretical, methodological and organizational provision in specific indicators of the physical development of members of society.

PHYSICAL CULTURE is a type of culture, which is a specific process and result of human activity, a means and method of physical improvement of people to fulfill their social responsibilities.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION - the process of forming the need for physical exercises in the interests of the all-round development of the personality, the formation of a positive attitude to physical culture, the development of value orientations, beliefs, tastes, habits, inclinations.

SPORT is a type of physical culture: playing, competitive activity and preparation for it, based on the use of physical exercises and aimed at achieving the highest results.

It is aimed at revealing reserve capabilities and identifying the maximum levels of functioning of the human body for a given time in the process of motor activity. Competitiveness, specialization, focus on the highest achievements, staginess are specific features of sport as a kind of physical culture.

PHYSICAL RECREATION is a type of physical culture: the use of physical exercises, as well as sports in simplified forms, for active recreation of people, getting pleasure from this process, entertainment, switching from one type of activity to another, distraction from ordinary types of work, household, sports, military activities.

It is the main content of mass forms of physical culture, is a recreational activity.

MOTOR REHABILITATION is a type of physical culture: a purposeful process of using physical exercises to restore or compensate for partially or temporarily lost motor abilities, treat injuries and their consequences.

This process is carried out in an integrated manner, under the influence of specially selected physical exercises, massage, water and physiotherapy procedures and some other means. This is a restorative activity.

PHYSICAL TRAINING is a type of non-special physical education: the process of formation of motor skills and the development of physical abilities (qualities) necessary in a specific professional or sports activity (physical training of a pilot, fitter, steelworker, etc.)

It can also be defined as a type of general training of an athlete (physical training of a sprinter, boxer, wrestler, etc.).

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT - the process of changing the forms and functions of the body either under the influence of natural conditions (nutrition, work, life), or under the influence of the purposeful use of special physical exercises.

It is also the result of the influence of these means and processes, which can be measured at a given moment (the size of the body and its parts, indicators of various motor qualities and abilities, the functional capabilities of the body systems).

PHYSICAL EXERCISES - movements or actions used to develop physical abilities (qualities), organs and systems, to form and improve motor skills.

On the one hand, it is a means of physical improvement, bodily transformation of a person, his biological, mental, intellectual, emotional and social essence. On the other hand, it is also a method (method) of a person's physical development. Physical exercises are the main, "end-to-end" means of all types of physical culture, nonspecial physical education, sports, physical recreation and motor rehabilitation.

Conditions and lifestyle

Recently, when it became clear that medicine cannot not only prevent, but also cope with the collapse of pathology that has befallen it, interest in a healthy lifestyle is attracting more and more attention from both specialists and wide circles of the population. This is not least due to the awareness of the truth and seriousness of the ancient saying: the art of prolonging life is the art of not shortening it.

Now it is becoming more and more clear that the diseases of a modern person are primarily due to his lifestyle and everyday behavior. Currently, a healthy lifestyle is considered as the basis for disease prevention. This is confirmed, in particular, by the fact that in the United States a decrease in infant mortality rates by 80% and mortality rates of the entire population by 94%, an increase in life expectancy by 85% are associated not with the success of medicine, but with an improvement in living and working conditions and rationalization of the way life of the population. At the same time, 78% of men and 52% of women in our country lead an unhealthy lifestyle.

In defining the concept of a healthy lifestyle, two starting factors must be taken into account - the genetic nature this person and its compliance with specific conditions of life.

A healthy lifestyle is a way of life that corresponds to the genetically determined typological characteristics of a given person, specific living conditions and is aimed at the formation, preservation and strengthening of health and at the full performance of a person's socio-biological functions.

In the above definition of a healthy lifestyle, the emphasis is on the individualization of the concept itself, that is, there should be as many healthy lifestyles as there are people. In establishing a healthy lifestyle for each person, it is necessary to take into account both his typological characteristics (type of higher nervous activity, morphofunctional type, the predominant mechanism of autonomic nervous regulation, etc.), as well as age-sex affiliation and social environment in which he lives ( marital status, profession, traditions, working conditions, material security, life, etc.). An important place in the initial premises should be occupied by the personal and motivational characteristics of a given person, his life guidelines, which in themselves can be a serious stimulus to a healthy lifestyle and to the formation of its content and characteristics.

Let us note a number of key provisions underlying a healthy lifestyle:

1. An active carrier of a healthy lifestyle is a specific person as a subject and object of his life and social status.

2. In the implementation of a healthy lifestyle, a person acts in the unity of his biological and social principles.

3. The formation of a healthy lifestyle is based on the personal and motivational attitude of a person to embody his social, physical, intellectual and mental capabilities and abilities.

4. A healthy lifestyle is the most effective remedy and a method of ensuring health, primary prevention of disease and meeting the vital need for health.

Thus, the program and organization of a healthy lifestyle for a given person should be determined by the following basic premises:

1.Individual typological hereditary factors;

1.objective social conditions and socio-economic factors;

2. the specific conditions of life in which family, household and professional activities are carried out;

3. personal and motivational factors determined by the worldview and culture of a person, and the degree of their orientation towards health and a healthy lifestyle.

Quite often, unfortunately, the possibility of preserving and strengthening health is considered and offered through the use of some means with miraculous properties (physical activity of one type or another, food supplements, psycho-training, body cleansing, etc.). Attempts to isolate the dominant factor and put it as the basis for achieving health have been made for a long time. So, Hippocrates in the phenomenon of a "healthy lifestyle" considered a specific element of human physical health (although he called malnutrition "the mother of all diseases"), while Democritus considered the spiritual principle a priority in a healthy lifestyle. Obviously, the desire to achieve health at the expense of any one means is fundamentally wrong, since any of the proposed "panacea" is not able to cover the whole variety of interconnections of functional systems that form the human body, and the connections of the person himself with the nature of everything that is ultimately determines the harmony of his life and health.

The structure of a healthy lifestyle should be a fundamental unity of all aspects of the material, everyday, natural, socio-cultural and spiritual life of a person, realized through structural, energy and information channels. These channels for ensuring healthy human life are distinguished by two important features.

Any remedy acts on the human body as a whole, and not on any one particular system. So, the structural aspect requires the participation of the genetic apparatus of all cells of the body, enzyme systems, the digestive system, the respiratory apparatus, thermoregulation, etc. in its implementation. The same situation is developing with respect to the other two channels for ensuring human existence.

1. Any means of life support is realized practically through all three channels. Thus, food carries in itself both structural and energy, informational potential; movement turns out to be a condition for activating plastic processes, regulates the energy flow and carries information important for the body, which ultimately provides the corresponding structural changes.

Thus, a person's way of life must take into account; the complexity of the organization of the human body and the variety of its relationships with its environment, and the person himself must be determined by the following characteristics:

· Physical condition, determined by homeostatic indicators;

· Physical development as a process and result of changes in the formation of natural morphological and functional properties and parametric characteristics of the organism during life;

· Physical fitness as an integrative complex component of a person's physical perfection;

· Psychomotor as a process that unites, interconnects the psyche with its expression - muscle movement;

· mental state a complex and diverse, relatively persistent phenomenon that increases or decreases vital activity in the current situation;

· Psychological properties of a person's personality, his appearance as a capable member of society, aware of his role and responsibility in it;

· Social education of reality as a product of social development and as a subject of labor, communication and cognition, determined by the concrete historical conditions of society;

· Spirituality as “one of the main delusions of mankind is the separation from the material” (according to N. Roerich).

Based on these prerequisites, the structure of a healthy lifestyle should include the following factors:

o optimal motor regime;

o training immunity and hardening;

o rational nutrition;

o psychophysiological regulation;

o psychosexual and sexual culture;

o rational mode of life;

o lack of bad habits;

o valeological self-education.

The following chapters of the textbook will analyze the main of these factors. Here it is necessary to dwell on the last of them - valeological self-education. This is due to the fact that ensuring a healthy lifestyle is possible only if the person himself wants to be healthy. Indicative in this regard is the opinion of L.N. Tolstoy, who paid much attention to health: "The demands of people who smoke, drink, overeat, do not work and turn the night into a day are ridiculous, that the doctor makes them healthy, despite their unhealthy lifestyle."

The formation of a healthy lifestyle has as its ultimate goal the improvement of living conditions and life activity on the basis of valeological training and education, including the study of one's body and one's personality, mastering hygiene skills, knowledge of risk factors and the ability to put into practice the whole range of means and methods of ensuring a healthy lifestyle. Carrying out conscious and purposeful health-building activities, creating an environment and activity, influencing external conditions, a person acquires greater freedom and power over his own life and life circumstances, making life itself more fruitful, healthy and long-lasting. To achieve this, a person must, first of all, become the bearer of the idea of \u200b\u200bhealth as the main life priority - this problem is the most important task of valeological education and self-education.

The next stage of valeological education should be the formation of a certain organization of a person's self-awareness, focused on understanding the role and place of various means, methods and forms of a healthy lifestyle and on the ability to apply them in one's life. At the same time, it is important / that in each case, valeological education becomes an element of the valeological culture of a particular person, and the approaches of mass medicine are unacceptable here, for which universal, uniform norms and recommendations are characteristic. From these positions, valeological culture should be understood as a person's awareness of the value of health in a number of life priorities and determining his careful attitude towards his health and the health of people around him.

The formation of a healthy lifestyle is carried out through information received by a person from the outside, and through the correction of a lifestyle through feedback, analysis of one's own feelings, well-being and dynamics of objective morphofunctional indicators, their correlation with the valeological knowledge he has. The formation of a healthy lifestyle is an extremely long-term process and can last a lifetime. Feedback from the changes occurring in the body as a result of following a healthy lifestyle does not work immediately, the positive effect of the transition to a rational lifestyle is sometimes delayed for years. That is why, unfortunately, quite often people just "try" the transition itself, but, not getting a quick result, they return to their old way of life. This is not surprising, since a healthy lifestyle presupposes the rejection of many familiar pleasant living conditions (overeating, comfort, alcohol, etc.) and, on the contrary, constant and regular heavy loads for a person who is not adapted to them and strict regulation of the lifestyle ... In the first period of transition to a healthy lifestyle, it is especially important to support a person in his aspiration, to provide him with the necessary consultations (since during this period he constantly experiences a lack of knowledge in various aspects of ensuring a healthy lifestyle), to indicate positive changes in his state of health, in functional indicators, etc.

For the formation and implementation of a healthy lifestyle, an information system can be used that fruitfully uses and implements the corresponding systems of physical culture, medicine, cybernetics, physiology, psychology, pedagogy, etc. and taking into account the main features of the contingent and goals, conditions and factors affecting valeological activities, organized and provided by social and production-technical, scientific, information and communication infrastructures, etc.

Naturally, the path of each person to a healthy lifestyle differs in its own characteristics both in time and in trajectory, but this is not of fundamental importance - the final result is important. The effectiveness of a healthy lifestyle for a given person can be determined by a number of the following biosocial criteria:

1. Assessment of morphological and functional health indicators:

4. level of physical development;

5. the level of physical fitness.

2. Assessment of the state of immunity:

The number of colds and infectious diseases during a certain period;

In the presence of a chronic disease - the dynamics of its course.

3. Assessment of adaptation to socio-economic living conditions:

The effectiveness of professional activities;

Activity in the performance of family and household duties;

The breadth and degree of manifestation of social and personal interests.

4. Assessment of the level of valeological indicators:

6. the degree of formation of the attitude towards a healthy lifestyle;

7. level of valeological knowledge;

8. the level of assimilation of practical knowledge and skills related to maintaining and strengthening health;

9. the ability to independently build an individual health trajectory and a healthy lifestyle program.

Summarizing the data on the effectiveness of the transition to a healthy lifestyle, we can assume that he:

10. positively and effectively reduces or eliminates the impact of risk factors, morbidity and, as a result, reduces the cost of treatment;

11. contributes to the fact that a person's life becomes healthier and more durable;

12. ensures good family relationships, health and happiness of children;

13. is the basis for realizing a person's need for self-actualization and self-realization, ensures high social activity and social success;

14. causes a high working capacity of the body, a decrease in fatigue at work, high labor productivity and on this basis - a high material wealth;

15. allows you to give up bad habits, rationally organize and distribute the time budget with the obligatory use of means and methods of active recreation;

Provides cheerfulness, good, mood and optimism.

It should be noted the special importance of valeological education of children, which is a prerequisite for a healthy start of future families capable of giving birth, raising and raising subsequent generations of people with a more perfect gene pool and with a stable system of healthy needs. The effectiveness of valeological education of children, as pedagogical practice shows, turns out to be higher due to the fact that their nervous system is more plastic, and their existing life attitudes are still not strong enough. Naturally, this creates favorable opportunities for bringing up in children a positive motivation for health and orientation of their life.

2.4. Organization, content and methodology of physical training in health-improving physical culture

BASES OF THE METHODS OF SELF-LEARNING IN PHYSICAL EXERCISES.

Prevention of injury

The causes of injury can be: violations in the training methodology; failure to comply with the methodological principles of accessibility, gradualness and taking into account individual characteristics, the unsatisfactory condition of inventory and equipment, poor preparation of places for classes; ignorance and non-observance of self-insurance measures; overloading of sites and halls by trainees in comparison with the area norms for one trainee; poor sanitary and technical condition of the places of employment, lack of lighting, slippery floors, lack of ventilation; indiscipline of those involved, etc.

The intrinsic factors causing sports injuries must be considered. These include classes in a state of fatigue and overwork, as well as in the presence of chronic foci of infection in the body, with a tendency to spasms of blood vessels and muscles, and in other painful conditions.

For the prevention of hypothermia and overheating, it is important to take into account weather factors (temperature, humidity, wind), the degree of hardening of the trainees and the suitability of clothing and footwear to these factors.

Possible bodily harm from engaging in various types of physical exercise should be carefully studied and analyzed in order to develop specific measures to prevent and eliminate the conditions of their occurrence.

Basic concepts

The human body is an integral system in which all organs are closely interconnected and are in complex interaction; this system is capable of self-regulation, maintaining homeostasis, correcting and self-improvement (I.P. Pavlov).

Homeostasis (Greek - standing) - maintaining the dynamic constancy of the internal environment of the body due to adaptive reactions aimed at eliminating external or internal factors that violate this constancy.

Reflex (lat. - reflection) - the body's response to influences carried out through the central nervous system.

Adaptation (lat. - to adapt) is a set of reactions of an organism or organ to a change in the environment.

Hypodynamia (Greek - lowering + related to strength) - decreased mobility due to a decrease in the strength of movement.

Hypokinesia (Greek - lowering + movement) is a forced decrease in the range of motion due to low mobility. Causes a number of painful phenomena.

Hypoxia (Greek - lowering + Latin - oxygen) - oxygen starvation - reduced oxygen content in the tissues.

Maximum oxygen consumption (MOC) is a criterion for the functional state of the respiratory and circulatory systems.

Motor skills, skills - a form of motor stereotypes, developed by the mechanism of a conditioned reflex by appropriate exercises.

Ontogenesis (Greek - existing + origin) is the individual development of an organism, covering all changes from birth to the end of life. Considered in unity with phylogeny.

Phylogeny, phylogeny (Greek - tribe, genus, species + origin) - the historical development of organisms or the evolution of the organic world, of various types, classes, orders, families, genera and species. We can talk about the phylogenesis of certain organs. It is considered in interdependence and unity with ontogeny.

Watch your body if you want your mind to work properly.

R. Descartes

2. The human body as a biosystem

The human body is a complex biological system. All organs of the human body are interconnected, are in constant interaction and in the aggregate, they are a single self-regulating and self-developing system. The activity of the body as a whole includes the interaction of the human psyche, its motor and vegetative functions with various environmental conditions.

Exercise has a significant impact on the formation of the skeleton (curvature of the spine is corrected, posture improves). Metabolic processes increase, in particular, calcium metabolism, the content of which determines the strength of bones. The skeleton, performing supporting and protective (skull, chest, pelvic bones, etc.) functions, is extremely strong. Individual bones can withstand a load of up to 2 tons. Continuous (skull bones, etc.) and articular joints of bones make it possible to compose separate blocks, kinematic systems with a high degree of freedom, making it possible for the links of such systems to move along complex trajectories.

A complex complex of interrelated reactions of splitting (dissimilation) and synthesis (assimilation) of organic substances is the basis for the development of the human body.

The human body develops under the influence of the genotype (heredity), as well as factors of the constantly changing external natural and social environment.

Without knowing the structure of the human body, the features of vital processes in its individual organs, organ systems and in the whole organism, it is impossible to teach, educate and heal a person, as well as to ensure his physical improvement.

Knowing yourself is important step in solving the problem of the formation of physical culture of the personality of a future specialist, who, when studying this topic, must:

♦ to study the peculiarities of the functioning of the human body and its individual systems under the influence of physical exercises and sports in various environmental conditions;

♦ be able to diagnose the state of one's body and its individual systems, make the necessary correction in their development by means of physical culture and sports;

♦ be able to rationally adapt physical culture and sports activities to individual characteristics organism, working conditions, everyday life, recreation and differentiate the use of physical culture and sports, taking into account the noted features.

The human body contains more than 100 trillion. (1x10 14) cells. Each cell is at the same time a factory for the processing of substances entering the body; a power plant producing bioelectric energy; a computer with a large volume of storage and delivery of information. In addition, certain groups of cells perform specific functions inherent only to them (muscles, blood, nervous system, etc.).

The cells of the central nervous system (CNS) -neurons have the most complex structure. There are more than 20 billion of them in the body. Each neuron contains about a thousand enzymes. All neurons in the brain can accumulate over 10 billion units of information per second, i.e. several times more than the most advanced computer system.

External human activity and internal processesoccurring in the body are carried out by the reflex mechanism, controlled from the central nervous system.

Each cell, group of cells, organ work in two modes: excitation (active state) and inhibition (termination of the active state and recovery). Excitation and inhibition are two opposite processes, the interaction of which ensures the coordinated activity of the nervous system, the coordinated work of the organs of the body, regulation and improvement of the functions of the whole organism.

Movement is the most important property of the human body. Due to the presence of skeletal muscles, a person can move, perform movements with individual parts of the body. Constant movements also occur in the internal organs, which also have muscle tissue in the form of special "smooth" muscles (intestinal peristalsis, maintaining the tone of arterial blood vessels, etc.). The heart muscle has a complex structure, which continuously, throughout a person's life, works as a pump, ensuring the movement of blood through the blood vessels.

During the evolutionary development of a person in onto- and phylogenesis, motor activity had a significant effect on the morphology of individual organs and systems of the body.

The human body consists of individual organs that perform their inherent functions. There are groups of organs that jointly perform common functions - organ systems. In their functional activity, the organ systems are interconnected.

Many functional systems to a large extent provide human motor activity. These include the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the musculoskeletal and digestive systems, as well as the excretory organs, endocrine glands, sensory systems, the nervous system, etc.

Medical science considers the human body in unity with external nature and social environment.

The external environment in general can be represented by a model consisting of three interacting elements: the physical environment (atmosphere, water, soil, solar energy); biological environment (flora and fauna); social environment (person and human society).

The influence of the external environment on the human body is very multifaceted. The external natural environment and social environment can have both beneficial and harmful effects on the body. From the external environment, the body receives all the substances necessary for life and development, at the same time it receives a numerous stream of irritations (temperature, humidity, solar radiation, industrial, occupationally harmful effects, etc.), which seeks to disrupt the constancy of the internal environment of the body.

Normal human existence under these conditions is possible only if the body responds in a timely manner to the effects of the external environment with appropriate adaptive reactions and maintains the constancy of its internal environment.

Environmental problems have a direct or indirect impact on the physical and moral condition of a person.

IN modern world environmental problems - the interaction of the body with the environment - have become seriously aggravated.

According to the World Health Organization, 80% of human diseases occur for reasons related to the deterioration of the environmental situation.

A distinctive feature of a person is that he can consciously and actively change both external and social conditions to improve health, improve working capacity and prolong life. There is no doubt that the relationship between society and the environment must be brought under stricter control.

By a corresponding change in external conditions, a person can influence his own state of health, physical development, physical fitness, mental and physical performance.

Physical training has a multifaceted effect on mental functions, ensuring their activity and stability.

There are the results of numerous studies on the study of the stability of attention, perception, memory, the ability to count of varying complexity, and other aspects of thinking in trained and untrained persons. The stability of the studied parameters was assessed by the level of their retention under the influence of varying degrees of fatigue, as well as by the ability to maintain working capacity at the exact time. It was found that the stability of the parameters of mental activity was in direct proportion to the level of versatile physical fitness.

Mental performance deteriorates to a lesser extent under the influence of unfavorable factors, if physical exercises are appropriately applied in these conditions. Optimal physical fitness ensures the preservation of a number of indicators of higher nervous activity, in particular, the stability of the functions of the second signaling system.

Fatigue is a condition that occurs as a result of work with insufficient recovery processes and manifests itself in a decrease in working capacity, impaired coordination of regulatory mechanisms and a feeling of fatigue. Fatigue plays an important biological role, serves as a warning signal of a possible overstrain of the working organ or the body as a whole.

Methodological guide for 2 course

Physical education lectures

Explanatory note.

The purpose of this manual is to systematize and deepen knowledge on the topics of the course, necessary for the student in his daily life and activities. When developing lectures, first of all, the requirements of the State Educational Standard were taken into account, as well as long-term research on issues of interest. The manual reflects the significant need of society for the formation, preservation and promotion of health. The author strove to create a manual useful not only for studying, but also for understanding life's difficulties and possible ways to resolve them. All of the material presented is a few lecture topics designed for study and public discussion at seminars.

In preparation study guide various sources have been used, primarily textbooks published on this discipline, as well as the works of leading scientists in the field of physical education.

TOPIC 1

^ PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN GENERAL CULTURAL AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF STUDENTS

Content:

Physical culture and sports as social phenomena.
Components of physical education.
Physical culture in the structure of vocational education.
Physical culture of the student.
Professional orientation of physical education.
Organizationally - legal foundations of physical culture and sports.
Value orientations and students' attitude to physical culture.
Fundamentals of the organization of physical education.

The concept of "culture" can be defined as the degree of disclosure of the potential of an individual in various fields of activity. Culture is represented in the results of material and spiritual human activity; he learns the culture, fixed in spiritual and material values, acts in the social environment as a bearer of cultural values, creates new values \u200b\u200bnecessary for the development of the culture of subsequent generations.

^ 1. Physical culture and sports as social phenomena

Physical Culture - part of human culture. Physical Culture - an organic part of universal human culture, its special independent area. At the same time, this is a specific process and result of human activity, a means and method of physical improvement of a person. Physical culture affects the vital aspects of the individual, received in the form of inclinations, which are transmitted genetically and develop in the process of life under the influence of upbringing, activities and the environment. Physical culture satisfies social needs in communication, play, entertainment, in some forms of personal self-expression through socially active useful activities.

At its core, physical culture has a purposeful motor activity in the form of physical exercises, which allow to effectively form the necessary skills and abilities, physical abilities, to optimize the state of health and working capacity.

Physical culture is represented by a set of material and spiritual values. The former include sports facilities, inventory, special equipment, sports equipment, and medical support. The second includes information, works of art, various sports, games, exercise complexes, ethical norms that regulate human behavior in the process of physical culture. - sports activity, etc. And in developed forms, physical culture produces aesthetic values \u200b\u200b(physical culture parades, sports - demonstration performances, etc.).

The result of activity in physical culture is physical fitness and the degree of perfection of motor skills and abilities, a high level of development of vital forces, sports achievements, moral, aesthetic, intellectual development.

So, physical culture should be considered as a special kind of cultural activity, the results of which are useful for society and the individual. In social life in the system of education, upbringing, in the sphere of work organization, everyday life, healthy recreation, physical culture manifests its educational, educational, health-improving, economic and general cultural significance, contributes to the emergence of such a social trend as physical culture movement, i.e. joint activities of people to use, disseminate and enhance the values \u200b\u200bof physical culture.

^ Sport is a phenomenon of cultural life

Sport - part of physical education. In it, a person seeks to expand the boundaries of his capabilities, this is a huge world of emotions generated by successes and failures, the most popular spectacle, an effective means of education and self-education of a person, there is a complex process of inter-human relations in it. Sport - it is actually competitive activity and special preparation for it. He lives by certain rules and norms of behavior. It clearly demonstrates the desire for victory, the achievement of high results, requiring the mobilization of the physical, mental and moral qualities of a person. Therefore, they often talk about the sports nature of people who successfully manifest themselves in competitions. Satisfying many of the needs of a person, playing sports becomes a physical and spiritual necessity.

^ 2. Components of physical education

Physical education. Included in the education and upbringing system, starting with preschool institutions, it characterizes the basis of people's physical fitness - acquisition of a fund of vital motor skills and abilities, diversified development of physical abilities. Him important elements are the "school" of movement, the system of gymnastic exercises and the rules for their implementation, with the help of which the child develops the ability to differentiate control of movements, the ability to coordinate them in different combinations; a system of exercises for the rational use of forces when moving in space (the main ways of walking, running, swimming, skating, skiing, etc.), when overcoming obstacles, in throwing, in lifting and carrying weights; “School” of the ball (playing volleyball, basketball, handball, football, tennis, etc.).

Physical development - this is a biological process of formation, changes in the natural morphological and functional properties of an organism during a person's life (length, body weight, chest circumference, lung capacity, maximum oxygen consumption, strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, agility, etc.).

Physical development is manageable. Through exercise, different types sports, rational nutrition, the regime of bust and rest can be changed in the required direction, the above indicators of physical development. The control of physical development is based on the biological law of exercise and the law of the unity of forms and functions of the body. Meanwhile, physical development is also due to the laws of heredity, which must be taken into account as factors that favor or, on the contrary, hinder the physical improvement of a person. The process of physical development is also subject to the law of age grading. Therefore, it is possible to intervene in this process in order to control it only taking into account the characteristics and capabilities of the organism in different age periods: formation and growth, the highest development of forms and functions, aging. In addition, physical development is associated with the law of the unity of the organism and the environment and depends on the living conditions of a person, including the geographical environment. Therefore, when choosing the means and methods of physical education, it is necessary to take into account the influence of these laws.

Physical development is closely related to human health. Health acts as a leading factor that determines not only harmonious development young man, but also the success of mastering the profession, the fruitfulness of his future professional activities, which is the overall well-being.

Thanks professionally - applied physical culture creates prerequisites for the successful mastering of a particular profession and effective performance of work. In production, this is introductory gymnastics, physical training pauses, physical education minutes, post-work rehabilitation exercises, etc. The content and composition of the means professionally - applied physical culture, the order of their application are determined by the peculiarities of the labor process. In the conditions of military service, it acquires the features of a military - professional physical education.

Wellness - rehabilitation physical education. It is associated with the targeted use of physical exercise as a means of treating diseases and restoring body functions that have been impaired or lost due to illness, injury, overwork and other reasons. Its type is medical physical culture, which has a wide range of means and methods (remedial gymnastics, metered walking, running and other exercises) associated with the nature of diseases, injuries or other disorders of the body's functions (overstrain, chronic fatigue, age changes and etc.). Its means are used in such modes as "sparing", "tonic", "training", etc., and the forms of conducting can be individual sessions-procedures, lessons of a lesson type, etc.

Background types of physical culture. These include hygienic physical culture, included in the framework of everyday life (morning exercises, walks, other physical exercises in the daily routine that are not associated with significant loads) and recreational physical culture, the means of which are used in the mode of active recreation (tourism, physical culture and recreational entertainment ). Background physical culture has an operational impact on the current functional state of the body, normalizing it and contributing to the creation of a favorable functional "background" of life. It should be considered as a component of a healthy lifestyle. It is especially effective in combination with other components of physical culture and, above all, with the basic one.

As means of physical culture are used: physical exercises, natural forces of nature (sun, air and water, their hardening effect), hygiene factors (personal hygiene - daily routine, sleep hygiene, diet, work, body hygiene, sportswear, shoes, places of employment, rejection of bad habits). Their complex interaction provides the greatest health-improving and developing effect.

^ 3. Physical culture in the structure of professional education

Physical Culture - the basis of the socio-cultural being of the individual, the fundamental modification of his general and professional culture. As an integrated result of upbringing and vocational training, it manifests itself in a person's attitude to his health, physical capabilities and abilities, in his lifestyle and professional activity and appears in the unity of knowledge, beliefs, value orientations and in their practical embodiment.

Physical culture acts as an integral quality of a personality, as a condition and prerequisite for effective educational - professional activity, as a generalized indicator of the professional culture of a future specialist and as the goal of self-development and self-improvement. It characterizes the free, conscious self-determination of a person who, at different stages of life development, selects and assimilates those that are most significant for her from a variety of values.

^ 4. Physical culture of the student

The motivational-value component reflects an actively positive emotional attitude to physical culture, the formed need for it, the system of knowledge, interests, motives and beliefs that organize and direct the volitional efforts of the individual, cognitive and practical activities to master the values \u200b\u200bof physical culture, focus on a healthy lifestyle, physical improvement.

The outlook of a person in the sphere of physical culture is determined by knowledge. They can be divided into theoretical, methodological and practical. Theoretical knowledge covers the history of the development of physical culture, the regularities of the work of the human body in motor activity and the fulfillment of motor actions, physical self-education and self-improvement. This knowledge is necessary for the explanation and is related to the question "why?" Methodological knowledge provides an opportunity to get an answer to the question: "how to use theoretical knowledge in practice, how to self-study, self-develop, self-improve in the field of physical culture?" Practical knowledge characterizes the answer to the question: "how to effectively carry out this or that physical exercise, motor action?"

Knowledge is necessary for self-knowledge of a person in the process of physical culture and sports activity. First of all, this refers to self-awareness, i.e. awareness of oneself as a person, awareness of their interests, aspirations, experiences. The experience of various emotions accompanying self-knowledge forms the attitude towards oneself and forms the self-esteem of the individual. It has two sides - meaningful (knowledge) and emotional (attitude). Knowledge about oneself correlates with knowledge about others and with an ideal. As a result, a judgment is made about what the individual is better and what is worse than others, and how to correspond to the ideal. So self-esteem - it is the result of a comparative knowledge of oneself, and not just a statement of existing possibilities. In connection with self-esteem, such personal qualities as self-esteem, vanity, ambition arise. Self-esteem has a number of functions: comparative knowledge of oneself (what I am worth); predictive (what can I); regulatory (what should I do in order not to lose self-respect, to have peace of mind). The student sets goals of a certain difficulty, i.e. has a certain level of claims, which should be adequate to its real capabilities. If the level of aspirations is underestimated, then this can constrain the initiative and activity of the individual in physical improvement; an overestimated level can lead to disappointment in classes, loss of faith in oneself.

Beliefs determine the direction of assessments and views of the individual in the field of physical culture, stimulate her activity, become the principles of her behavior. They reflect the student's worldview and give his actions a special significance and direction.

Physical education needs - the main incentive, directing and regulating force of personality behavior. They have a wide spectrum: the need for movement and physical activity; in communication, contacts and spending free time with friends; in games, entertainment, rest, emotional release; in self-affirmation, strengthening the position of your I; in knowledge; in aesthetic pleasure; in improving the quality of physical culture - sports activities, comfort, etc. Needs are closely related to emotions - experiences, sensations of pleasant and unpleasant, pleasure or displeasure. Satisfaction of needs is accompanied by positive emotions (joy, happiness), dissatisfaction - negative (despair, disappointment, sadness). A person usually chooses the type of activity that to a greater extent allows him to satisfy the emerging need and get positive emotions.

The system of motives arising on the basis of needs determines the orientation of the personality, stimulates and mobilizes it for the manifestation of activity. The following motives can be distinguished:

♦ physical improvement associated with the desire to accelerate the pace of their own development, to take a worthy place in their environment, to gain recognition, respect;

♦ friendly solidarity, dictated by the desire to be with friends, communicate, cooperate with them;

♦ must, associated with the need to attend physical education classes, to fulfill the requirements of the curriculum;

♦ rivalry, which characterizes the desire to stand out, assert oneself in one's environment, gain authority, raise one's prestige, be the first, achieve as much as possible;

♦ imitation, associated with the desire to be like those who have achieved certain success in physical culture and sports activities or have special qualities and merits acquired as a result of training;

♦ sports, which determines the desire to achieve any significant results;

♦ procedural, in which attention is focused not on the result of the activity, but on the very process of classes;

♦ play, acting as a means of entertainment, nervous discharge, relaxation;

♦ comfort, which determines the desire to exercise in favorable conditions, etc.

Interests are also important in encouraging students to engage in physical culture and sports. They reflect the selective attitude of a person towards an object that has significance and emotional attractiveness. When the level of awareness of interest is low, emotional attractiveness prevails. The higher this level, the more important is the objective significance. The interest reflects the needs of a person and the means of their satisfaction. If the need causes a desire to possess an object, then interest - to meet him.

In the structure of interest, an emotional component, cognitive and behavioral components are distinguished. The first is connected with the fact that a person always experiences some kind of feelings in relation to an object or activity. Its indicators can be: pleasure, satisfaction, the magnitude of the need, assessment of personal significance, satisfaction with the physical I, etc. The second component is associated with awareness of the properties of an object, understanding of its suitability for satisfying needs, as well as with the search and selection of the means necessary to meet the emerging need ... Its indicators can be: conviction of the need to engage in physical culture and sports, awareness of the individual need for exercise; a certain level of knowledge; the desire for knowledge, etc. The behavioral component reflects the motives and goals of the activity, as well as rational ways of satisfying the need. Depending on the activity of the behavioral component, interests can be realized and unfulfilled. Free choice of physical education - sports activities indicate that a person has a conscious, active interest.

Interests usually arise on the basis of those motives and goals of physical culture and sports activity, which are associated with:

♦ with satisfaction with the learning process (dynamism, emotionality, novelty, diversity, communication, etc.);

♦ with the results of classes (acquisition of new knowledge, abilities and skills, mastering various motor actions, testing oneself, improving the result, etc.);

♦ with the prospect of classes (physical perfection and harmonious development, education of personal qualities, health promotion, improving sports skills, etc.).

If a person does not have specific goals in physical education - sports activity, he does not show interest in it.

Relationships set the subject orientation, determine the social and personal significance of physical culture in life. Allocate actively - positive, passive - positive, indifferent, passive - negative and active - negative attitude. When active - positive attitude are clearly expressed in physical culture - sports interest and dedication, deep motivation, clarity of goals, stability of interests, regularity of classes, participation in competitions, activity and initiative in organizing and conducting physical culture - sporting events.

A passive-positive attitude is distinguished by vague motives, ambiguity and ambiguity of goals, amorphousness and instability of interests, episodic participation in physical culture - sporting events... Indifferent attitude - this is indifference and indifference, motivation in this case is contradictory, goals and interests in physical culture - sports activities are absent. Passively - a negative attitude is associated with the latent negativism of some people towards physical culture and sports, they do not matter for such persons. An actively negative attitude manifests itself in open hostility, open resistance to physical exercises, which for such persons have no value.

Value orientations express the totality of an individual's relationship to physical culture in life and professional activity.

Emotions - the most important component of value orientations, which most deeply characterizes their content and essence. With the help of emotions, the following are expressed: pleasure, satisfaction, the magnitude of the need, an assessment of personal significance, satisfaction with the physical I. ; passion (fast, persistent and strong feeling, for example for sports); affect (a rapidly emerging short-term emotional state caused by a particularly significant irritant and always violently manifested, for example, in case of victory) emotions have the property of contagion, which is very important when doing physical education - sports activities.

Volitional efforts regulate the behavior and activities of the individual in accordance with the goals and decisions made. Volitional activity is determined by the strength of the motive: if I really want to achieve the goal, I will show both more intense and longer volitional effort. Volitional effort is directed by reason, moral feeling, moral convictions. Physical education - sports activity develops volitional qualities: persistence in achieving goals, which is manifested through patience and perseverance, i.e. striving to achieve a goal that is distant in time, despite the arising obstacles and difficulties; self-control, which is understood as courage, as the ability to complete a task, despite the emerging feeling of fear, fear; restraint (endurance) as the ability to suppress impulsive, ill-considered, emotional reactions; composure (concentration) as the ability to concentrate on the task being performed despite the arising interferences. Volitional qualities include decisiveness, characterized by the minimum time for making a decision in a situation that is significant for a person, and initiative, which is determined by taking responsibility for the decision.

Thus, in the process of physical education, the impact is carried out not only on the biological basis of the personality, but also on its biosocial integrity. Therefore, it is impossible to judge the physical culture of a person, relying only on the development of her physical capabilities, without taking into account her thoughts, feelings, value orientations, direction and degree of development of interests, needs, beliefs.

Physical culture and sports as a means of maintaining and strengthening students' health, their physical and sports improvement

Owning and actively using a variety of physical exercises, a person improves his physical condition and fitness, physically improves. Physical perfection reflects such a degree of physical potential of a gay personality, her plastic freedom, which allows her to fully realize her essential forces, successfully take part in the types of social and labor activities that are necessary for society and desirable for her, enhance her adaptive capabilities and growth on this basis of social recoil. The degree of physical perfection is determined by how much solid foundation it represents for further development to what extent it is "open" to new qualitative changes and creates conditions for the transfer of personality to a different, more perfect quality.

Physical improvement can legitimately be considered as a dynamic state that characterizes the individual's desire for holistic development through the chosen sport or physical culture. - sports activities. This ensures the choice of means that most fully corresponds to its multifunctional and social - psychological characteristics, disclosure and development of her personality. That is why physical perfection is not just a desirable quality of a future specialist, but essential element his personality structure.

Physical education - sports activities in which students are involved - one of their effective mechanisms for the fusion of public and personal interests, the formation of socially necessary individual needs. Its specific core is relations that develop the physical and spiritual sphere of the individual, enriching it with norms, ideals, and value orientations. At the same time, there is a transformation of social experience into personality traits and the transformation of its essential forces into an external result. The holistic nature of such activity makes it a powerful means of increasing the social activity of an individual.

Physical culture of a person manifests itself in three main directions. In - First, it determines the ability to self-development, reflects the orientation of the individual "towards himself", which is due to his social and spiritual experience, ensures his desire for creative "self-construction", self-improvement. In - second, physical education - the basis of an amateur, proactive self-expression of a future specialist, the manifestation of creativity in the use of physical culture means aimed at the subject and the process of his professional work. IN - third, it reflects the creativity of the individual, aimed at the relationships that arise in the process of physical culture - sports, social and professional activities, i.e. on others". The richer and wider the circle of personal ties in this activity, the richer the space of its subjective manifestations becomes.

^ 5. Professional orientation of physical education

Professional orientation of physical culture - it is the basis that unites all its other components.

Objective and subjective indicators are the criteria by which one can judge the formation of a person's physical culture. Based on them, it is possible to reveal the essential properties and measure of manifestation of physical culture in activity. These include:

♦ the degree of formation of the need for physical culture and the ways of its satisfaction;

♦ the intensity of participation in physical culture and sports activities (time spent, regularity);

♦ the nature of the complexity and the creative level of this activity;

♦ severity emotionally - volitional and moral manifestations of personality in physical culture - sports activity (independence, perseverance, purposefulness, self-control, collectivism, patriotism, hard work, responsibility, discipline);

♦ degree of satisfaction and attitude to the performed activity;

♦ manifestation of amateur performance, self-organization, self-education, self-education and self-improvement in physical culture;

♦ level of physical perfection and attitude towards it;

♦ possession of the means, methods, abilities and skills necessary for physical improvement;

♦ consistency, depth and flexibility of assimilation of scientific - practical knowledge of physical culture for creative use in the practice of physical culture - sports activities;

♦ the breadth of the range and the regularity of the use of knowledge, abilities, skills and experience in physical culture - sports activities in the organization of a healthy lifestyle, in educational and professional activities.

Thus, the formation of a person's physical culture can be judged by how and in what specific form personal attitudes towards physical culture and its values \u200b\u200bare manifested. A complex system of individual needs, her abilities appears here as a measure of mastering the physical culture of society and a measure of creative self-expression in it.

In accordance with the criteria, a number of levels of manifestation of physical culture of a person can be distinguished.

The pre-nominal level develops spontaneously. The reasons for it lie in the sphere of consciousness in relation to students and are associated with dissatisfaction with the program offered by teachers, the content of classes and extracurricular activities, its semantic and general cultural potential; complicated interpersonal relationships with the teacher. Students have no need for cognitive activity, and knowledge is manifested at the level of familiarity with the educational material. The connection between physical culture and the formation of the personality of a future specialist and the process of his professional training is denied. In the motivational sphere, a negative or indifferent attitude dominates. In the classroom, such students are passive, they reject the sphere of extracurricular activities. Their level of physical ability may vary.

The nominal level is characterized by an indifferent attitude of students to physical culture and the spontaneous use of its individual means and methods under the influence of classmates, leisure time, emotional impressions of a sports show, body - or movie information. Knowledge is limited, unsystematic; the meaning of classes is seen only in health promotion, partly in physical development. Practical skills are limited to the simplest elements - morning exercises (occasionally), certain types of hardening, active rest; focus - personal. Sometimes students of this level can take part in some types of physical culture and sports activities of a reproductive nature at the request of the teacher. The level of health and physical fitness of such students has a wide range. In the postgraduate period, they do not show initiative in taking care of their health and physical condition.

At the heart of the potential level - positively conscious attitude of students to physical culture for the purpose of self-improvement and professional activity. They have the necessary knowledge, beliefs, practical abilities and skills that allow them to competently perform a variety of physical education - sports activities under the supervision and with the advice of teachers and experienced comrades. Cognitive activity is manifested both in the field of sports performances and in the development of scientific - popular literature.

Self-orientation. They attach great importance to emotional communication and self-expression in the course of classes. They use partial physical self-education, guided by personal motives. They are active in social physical culture only when prompted from outside (teachers, the public, the dean's office). After graduation, they show physical education - sports activity, only getting into a favorable environment.

The creative level is typical for students who are convinced of the value and the need to use physical culture for the development and realization of personality capabilities. These students are inherent in the thoroughness of knowledge in physical culture, they possess the skills and abilities of physical self-improvement, organization of a healthy lifestyle, the use of physical culture for rehabilitation at high nervous - emotional stress and after illness; they creatively introduce physical culture into professional activities, in family life... After graduation, they show initiative in many spheres of life.

The boundaries of the selected levels are movable. They indicate the presence of contradictions, the main of which is the discrepancy between the modern requirements for professional - personal development of the future specialist and his real level. And this is the driving force behind the development of his physical culture.

6. Organizational - legal foundations of physical culture and sports

High socially - the economic significance of physical culture and sports required the creation of a legislative basis for this sphere of life. On April 27, 1993, the President of the Russian Federation signed the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation on Physical Culture and Sports. This document is aimed at ensuring the all-round development of a person, approving a healthy lifestyle, creating a need for physical and moral improvement, creating conditions for practicing any kind of physical culture and sports, organizing professionally - applied training, prevention of diseases, bad habits and delinquency. The rights of citizens to engage in physical culture and sports (including sports as a profession), to unite in physical culture organizations are guaranteed - health-improving and sports orientation, physical culture - sports societies, sports federations, associations, clubs and other associations. The state recognizes and supports the Olympic Movement in Russia, its activities are coordinated by the Olympic Committee, which is a non-governmental independent organization and officially represents Russia in all events held by the International Olympic Committee.

The system of physical culture is aimed at organizing the physical education of the population, taking into account the interests of each person, the requirements of production, education and culture of the peoples of the Russian Federation. The system exists in state and public forms of activity. Physical education in educational institutions and preschool institutions is based on state educational programs (at least five hours a week), extracurricular physical education is also used - health and sports work. For students with developmental disabilities, classes are conducted as part of an individual rehabilitation program. In the physical education of the population, institutions of additional education take part: sports schools, sections, clubs and others, extracurricular and extracurricular physical education. - health and sports organizations.

The administrations of institutions, organizations, enterprises and associations are obliged to create conditions for employees to exercise their right to physical education, including rehabilitation, professional - applied classes during the working day, post-labor recovery, preventive classes, sports - mass work, sports - health tourism. Municipal bodies create conditions for physical education at the place of residence and in places of mass recreation. Sanatorium administration - resort institutions, rest houses and tourist centers must create conditions for the use of various components of physical culture in the process of recreation and treatment, in order to strengthen the health of vacationers, prevent and treat diseases. The physical training of servicemen and personnel of law enforcement agencies should ensure that they fulfill their military duty and basic official duties. The command creates the necessary conditions for this. The development of physical culture and sports among disabled people is aimed at increasing their physical activity. This is an indispensable condition for their comprehensive rehabilitation and social adaptation. This removes educational institutions, health care institutions, social security and organizations of physical culture and sports.

Health authorities (government, enterprises, institutions) use physical culture as a means of preventing and treating diseases; exercise medical control over persons involved in physical culture and sports, including sports - health tourism; organize and conduct training and advanced training of health care professionals, create centers and centers for health improvement and rehabilitation (by means of physical culture, diagnostic - consulting centers and offices, medical - physical education dispensaries.

Physical culture and sports workers are obliged to comply with safety standards and rules during classes, not to harm the health and honor and dignity of participants and spectators, not to show cruelty and violence.

To prepare high-class athletes, specialized organizations are created (state, municipal, non-state, including private and public). Citizens have the right to engage in professional sports as athletes or judges. In order to achieve sports results, the techniques, methods and means prohibited in sports by regulatory documents approved by sports organizations and associations cannot be used.

Persons who have a document of the established form on vocational education in a specialty issued by an educational institution or a permit issued by a state body for managing physical culture and sports are allowed to professional pedagogical activity in the field of physical culture and sports. Persons who have a professional education in the specialty "Physical culture and sports" or medical education are allowed to professional activities in the field of medical physical culture.

^ The humanitarian significance of physical culture

Being in essence a humanistic discipline, physical culture is aimed at developing an integral personality, harmonizing its spiritual and physical strength, activating the willingness to fully realize their essential forces in a healthy and productive lifestyle, professional activity, in self-construction of the necessary socio-cultural comfortable environment, which is an integral element of the educational space of the university. Humanitarianization of education in the field of physical culture means its humanization, the advancement of the student's personality as the main value of the pedagogical process.

Physical culture directly and indirectly embraces such properties and orientations of a personality that allow it to develop in unity with the culture of society, to achieve harmony of knowledge and creative action, feelings and communication, physical and spiritual, to resolve the contradictions between nature and production, work and rest, physical and spiritual. Achieving such harmony by a person ensures social stability, productive involvement in life and work, and creates mental comfort for her.

Physical culture acts as a socio-cultural layer of practice aimed at mastering the natural forces of students and mediated by their cultural attitude to their physical capabilities. The development of a student's physical abilities is considered within the framework of the upbringing process as the development of cultural elements, special personal qualities. Humanitarization of the educational process emphasizes the huge role of the education of the individual, its intrinsic value. Only then can it reach a state in which social and individual processes of self-development, self-education, self-improvement, self-government, and self-determination become possible and necessary. They reflect the most effective and long-term results of physical education education.

^ 7. Value orientations and students' attitude to physical culture

Values \u200b\u200bare understood as objects, phenomena and their properties that are necessary for society and individuals as means of satisfying needs. They are formed in the process of assimilation by a person of social experience and are reflected in his goals, beliefs, ideals, interests. They reflect the ideas of students about the desired. In the formation of certain values \u200b\u200bthat can satisfy the needs of students, the unity of the physical, mental and social development of the individual is manifested.

In the field of physical culture, values \u200b\u200baccording to the quality criterion can be presented as:

♦ material (conditions of training, quality of sports equipment, benefits from society);

♦ physical (health, physique, motor skills and abilities, physical qualities, physical fitness);

♦ socially - psychological (rest, entertainment, pleasure, hard work, team behavior skills, a sense of duty, honor, conscience, nobility, means of education and socialization, records, victories, traditions);

♦ mental (emotional experiences, character traits, personality traits and qualities, creative inclinations);

♦ cultural (knowledge, self-affirmation, self-esteem, self-esteem, aesthetic and moral qualities, communication, authority).

The value orientations of students are considered as ways with the help of which objects of physical culture are differentiated by their importance. In the structure of physical culture - in sports activity, value orientations are closely related to its emotional, cognitive and volitional sides; forming a meaningful orientation of the personality. The nature of the direction in the activity itself often depends on what kind of personal meaning the system of certain values \u200b\u200bhas, which determines the effectiveness of the individual's relationship to those objects for which this activity is carried out. Some objects can cause emotional (sensory), others - cognitive, third - behavioral activity.

Research by M.A. Arvisto allowed to distinguish three ranks of students' value orientations in physical culture - sports activities. Value orientations are presented from the point of view of various components of activity regulation. The emotional component is based on attractiveness, and the rational component is based on utility, they complement each other and regulate activities together, although there is a certain discrepancy between them. These tables show that the values \u200b\u200bassociated with the physical I (physical qualities, health, physique), with the functional content of activity (high mobility, physical activity, emotional experiences), with actualization (success, self-expression, self-affirmation), with moral - volitional qualities (will, perseverance), with a sense of duty, make up the main rank. Therefore, in physical culture - sports activity, these values \u200b\u200bmust be given special attention so that the orientation towards this activity does not weaken.

^ 8. Fundamentals of the organization of physical education

Physical culture performs the following social functions:

♦ transformative - creative, which ensures the achievement of the required level of physical development, preparedness and improvement of the individual, strengthening her health, preparing her for professional activities;

♦ integratively - organizational, characterizing the possibilities of uniting young people in teams, teams, clubs, organizations, unions for joint physical culture - sports activities;

♦ projectively - creative, determining the possibilities of physical culture - sports activities, in the process of which models are created professionally - personal development person are stimulated by his creative skills, processes of self-knowledge, self-affirmation, self-development are carried out, the development of individual abilities is ensured;

♦ projectively - predictive, allowing to expand the erudition of students in the field of physical education, actively use knowledge in physical education - sports activity and correlate this activity with professional intentions;

♦ value - orientation. In the process of its implementation, professionally formed - and personally - value orientations, their use ensures professional self-development and personal self-improvement;

♦ communicatively - regulatory, reflecting the process of cultural behavior, communication, interaction of participants in physical culture - sports activities, the organization of meaningful leisure, influencing collective moods, experiences, social satisfaction - ethical and emotional - aesthetic needs, preservation and restoration of mental balance, distraction from smoking, alcohol, substance abuse;

♦ socialization, during which the individual is included in the system of social relations for the development of socio-cultural experience, the formation of socially valuable qualities.

The study of the social functions of physical education will allow a deeper understanding of the content of the academic discipline "Physical culture", recorded in the sample program in accordance with the state educational standard. It is named approximate because it reflects only the requirements of the "Standard", but in each university it can be expanded and supplemented taking into account the regional - territorial, socio-cultural, climatic factors, as well as features of training professional personnel, material - technical conditions.

To achieve the goal of physical education - to form the physical culture of the individual, it is important to solve the following educational, educational, developmental and recreational tasks:

♦ understand the role of physical culture in personality development and preparation for professional activity;

♦ know scientifically - practical foundations of physical culture and healthy lifestyle;

♦ to form motivational - value attitude of students to physical culture, attitude to a healthy lifestyle, physical self-improvement and self-education, the need for regular physical exercises and sports;

♦ to master the system of practical skills and abilities that ensure the preservation and strengthening of health, mental well-being, development and improvement of psychophysical abilities and personality traits, self-determination in physical culture;

♦ to provide general and professional - applied physical fitness, which determines the psychophysical readiness of students for a future profession;

♦ gain experience in the creative use of physical culture and sports activities to achieve life and professional goals.

The mandatory minimum of the discipline "Physical culture" includes the following didactic units, the development of which is provided for by the subject of theoretical, practical and control educational material:

♦ physical culture in general cultural and professional training of students;

♦ socially - biological foundations of physical culture;

♦ the basics of a healthy lifestyle and lifestyle;

♦ health improving systems and sports (theory, methodology and practice);

♦ professionally - applied physical training of students.

The theoretical material forms the worldview system of scientific - practical knowledge and attitude of students to physical culture. This knowledge is necessary to understand the natural and social processes of the functioning of the physical culture of society and the individual, to be able to use them creatively for a professional - personal development, self-improvement, to organize a healthy lifestyle while performing educational, professional and socio-cultural activities.

The practical section of the training material consists of two subsections: methodological - practical and educational - training. The first subsection provides operational mastery of methods and techniques of physical culture - sports activities for the achievement of educational, professional and life goals by the individual.

Approximate topics for classes may include:

♦ methodology for drawing up individual programs of physical self-education;

♦ methodological foundations of classes with health-improving, recreational and restorative orientation;

♦ basics of self-massage technique;

♦ method of corrective gymnastics for the eyes;

♦ mastering the methods of assessing and correcting posture and physique;

♦ methods of self-control of the state of health, physical development and others, correlated with the content of the relevant topics of the lectures.

An important condition for the consolidation and improvement of these methods - repeated reproduction in the conditions of training sessions, in extracurricular physical education - sports activities, at home, on vacation.

Mastering the second educational - training subsection helps to gain experience in creative practical activities, to develop amateur performance in physical culture and sports. The content of the classes is based on the wide use of knowledge and skills in applying the means of physical culture, using sports and professional - applied physical training for the acquisition of individual and collective experience in physical culture - sports activities. On them, students learn to regulate their physical activity, maintain the required level of physical and functional readiness during the period of study, gain experience in improving the correction of individual physical development, learn to use the means of physical culture to organize active recreation, prevent general and occupational diseases, prevent injuries, master the means professionally - applied physical training. In the process of classes, conditions are created for enhancing the cognitive activity of students in the field of physical culture, for their manifestation socially - creative activity in propaganda, instructor, judicial activities.

The control section of the lessons provides operational, current and final information about the degree and quality of the development of theoretical and methodological knowledge - skills, about the state and dynamics of physical development, physical and professional - applied preparedness of students. Operational control creates information about the progress of a specific section, such as educational work... The current one allows you to assess the degree of mastering the section, topic, type of educational work. The final control (tests, exam) reveals the level of the student's physical culture formed ™ and self-determination in it by means of a comprehensive check.

To be admitted to the final certification, it is necessary to complete the mandatory tests in general physical and professional - applied physical training (not lower than the mark "satisfactory"), provided during the last semester of study.

Certification is carried out in the form of an oral survey according to theoretical and methodological - the practical content of the program. A student completing training in the discipline "Physical culture" must:

♦ understand the role of physical culture in human development and specialist training;

♦ know the basics of physical culture and healthy lifestyle;

♦ have motivation - value attitude and self-determination in physical culture with an attitude towards a healthy lifestyle.

Physical improvement and self-education, the need for regular exercise and sports are important.

During the final certification, the final assessment takes into account the level of the student's performance of the practical section of the program.

For practical training, students are divided into educational departments: basic, special, sports. Distribution is carried out at the beginning of the school year after a medical examination, taking into account the state of health, gender, physical development, physical and sports fitness, interests. Students who have not passed a medical examination are not allowed to practical training sessions.

Those who are assigned to the basic and preparatory medical groups are enrolled in the main department. Students assigned to a special medical group are admitted to a special educational department, taking into account the level of their functional state, gender.

Those who, due to health reasons, are exempted from practical classes for a long time, are enrolled in a special educational department to master the available sections of the program.

Students of the main medical group who have shown good general physical and sports readiness and have shown a desire to deeply engage in one of the sports are enrolled in the sports department, consisting of training groups for sports (systems of physical exercise). Students of this department with high sports qualifications can be transferred to an individual schedule of classes, but with the obligatory fulfillment of the credit requirements within the established timeframe.

A student can be transferred from one academic department to another at his request only after the successful completion of the semester or academic year. Transfer of students to a special educational department on the basis of a medical certificate can be made at any time of the academic year.

When carrying out tests, students who have been exempted from practical classes for a long period perform written thematic test work related to the nature of their disease, and pass the test for the theoretical section of the program.

In physical education of students, various forms of educational and extracurricular activities are used throughout the entire period of study. Training sessions are conducted in the form of:

♦ theoretical, practical, control;

♦ elective methodologies - practical and educational - training sessions;

♦ individual and individually - group extra classes or consultations;

♦ self-study on assignment and under the supervision of a teacher;

Extracurricular activities are organized in a uniform;

♦ performing physical exercises and recreational activities during the school day;

♦ classes in sports clubs, sections, interest groups;

♦ amateur physical exercises, sports, tourism;

♦ mass recreational, physical culture and sports events.

Healthy lifestyle (HLS) - a set of scientifically grounded sanitary and hygienic standards aimed at maintaining and strengthening health, ensuring a high level of work capacity, achieving active longevity.

A healthy lifestyle should become a fundamental factor in the prevention of diseases of our time on the preservation and strengthening of health driven by progress.

Health and healthy lifestyle are interrelated and mutually influencing categories. A healthy lifestyle consists of everyday elements, the most significant of which include:

The motor mode, which includes all levels of motor activity (physical education, walks, sports training).
Body hardening.
Balanced diet.
Personal, general hygiene.
Adaptation to the natural and social environment.

Lecture 2. The concept of infectious diseases

Infectious diseases are understood as diseases caused by pathogens that are transmitted from an infected organism to a healthy one, and are capable of massive (epidemic) spread (bacteria, viruses, fungi). The cause of an infectious disease is the penetration of a pathogenic microorganism into a susceptible human body.

Mandatory conditions for the epidemic process:

Source of infection.
The mechanism of transmission of infection.
People's susceptibility to disease.

With all infectious diseases, from the moment of infection until the first visible signs of the disease appear, a certain time passes, called the incubation period, during which a person remains outwardly healthy (lasting from several hours to several months).

Immunity - the body's immunity to the action of pathogenic microbes.

Distinguish:

Congenital immunity - immunity to certain diseases from birth.
Acquired immunity - occurs after a disease in a mild form or is created artificially as a result of vaccinations.

When establishing the fact of infection with an infectious disease, quarantine is established.

Quarantine is a complex of regime sanitary anti-epidemic measures aimed at preventing the spread of infectious diseases.

Lecture 3. The concept of the quality of power

Human strength is understood as the ability of the body to overcome external resistance or to oppose external forces. In the first case, a person seeks to give acceleration to a stationary object, and in the second case, on the contrary, he seeks to restrict (maintain) his body in its original position, when external forces act on it; forces such as various external influences, an opponent's kick in boxing, or the weight of one's own body, exercises on the horizontal bar. Distinguish between absolute and relative strength.

Absolute strength - this is the force that a person manifests in any movement without taking into account body weight.
Relative strength Is the amount of force per 1 kg. human body weight.
Absolute strength is the ultimate weight that a person can lift.
Relative strength is measured by measuring the ratio of absolute strength to a person's weight.
Absolute strength increases with increasing weight of a person, and relative strength decreases. This is due to the fact that with an increase in the size of a person's body, weight increases in a greater proportion than muscle strength.

There are two groups of exercises for strength development:

External resistance (running, etc.)
Associated with lifting the weight of their own body (spin, press).

Lecture 4. The concept of endurance

Endurance - the ability of a person to perform work without reducing its efficiency, despite the resulting fatigue.

Distinguish between general and special endurance. General endurance is the ability of a person to perform any physical work for a long time, involving most of the muscles in the body and positively affecting his prof. business.

An indicator of general endurance is the duration of standard work when measuring power without reducing its intensity. Exercises are used to develop general endurance, characteristic features which are:

Active work of all big something there ...
The advantages of oxygen energy supply to muscle work.
Continuous work more than 10 minutes.
Moderately high or breaking intensity.

Long-term running, skiing, cycling and swimming are used to build endurance.

Lecture 5. Posture

Posture - the pose of a naturally standing person. In a broader sense, posture is understood as the usual position of a person's body while standing, sitting or walking. Posture is considered correct if the head is raised, the chest is deployed, and the shoulders are at the same level. If posture is disturbed, the respiratory function is impaired, myopia and various diseases of the spine may appear.

Getting the right posture is a long process. The basis for the prevention of posture disorders is the mandatory training of the body. Static exercises are the most effective. They must necessarily alternate with dynamic ones.

Quite effectively, the muscle corset is strengthened when exercising in the pool; it is advisable to swim and perform exercises in water for 30 - 45 minutes 3, 4 times a week.

It is preferable to swim with a breaststroke or on the back, performing strokes with both hands at the same time.

Lecture 6. The origin of the ancient Greek Olympic Games

There are 3 legends about the origin of the Olympic Games:

Associated with the name of Hercules.
It is associated with the ancient Greek king Pelonos (he spent a holiday every 4 years).
From 884 BC King Ifit decided to hold the Olympic Games every four years in honor of the harvest festival. It is believed that this version is the closest to the truth.

Olympia is the site of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece. Olympia is an ancient Greek settlement located in the south of the region of Elis, while in fiction or popular literature the site of the games is mistakenly associated with the Olympia mountain range in the north of Greece, which, according to mythology, is the seat of the gods. The winners were awarded with an olive branch. Since 1706, they began to light the Olympic flame.

In the first thirteen games, the Greeks competed only in 1 stage running and 192.27 meters. The runners started with marble slabs that had indentations for the toes. From the fifteenth games, running was introduced at 8, 10, 12, 24 stages (from 1706 BC pentathlon was included in the games program, from 632 young people were allowed to compete, fistfight was introduced).

The main types of competitions:

Disc throwing (diameter from 17 to 32 cm, weight 1.5 - 6.5 kg.), The technique is almost like modern.
Long jump:
- Using weights.
- With the use of musical accompaniment.
Wrestling
- Standing (put on the sand 3 times).
- Bottom to the bitter end.
Javelin throw (a wooden spear in the height of a person, to hit the target).
Pentathlon (jump, discus throw, run, javelin throw, wrestling).
Pankration is an ancient Greek sport that combined wrestling and fist fighting (no gloves were worn).
Fistfight - unlike the modern one, there was no time limit.
Equestrian competition - chariot ride.
Archery.
Fencing (spear and fall).
Torchbearers' competition at the opening ceremony
Gymnastics.

The Olympiad lasted 5 days. The first 24 Olympiads lasted one day.

1st day - opening (everything is as it is now) + sacrifice.
2nd day - youth competition.
3rd day - adult competitions in all types.
4th day - chariot races.
5th day - determination of the winner, rewarding, closing.

The Olympic Games program was not stable. In different periods of time, the number and types of competitions have changed. Their distribution by day also changed, but in general, the overall design of the games did not change.

Lecture 7. Revival of the Olympic Games

At the beginning of the XVIII century. the sport gained universal recognition in Europe and the desire arose to organize something similar to the Olympic Games.

June 23, 1894 - A commission for the revival of the Olympic Games met in Paris and Baron Pierre de Coubertin became its general director. Then the IOC took shape, authoritative and independent citizens different countries... By the decision of the IOC, the games of the first Olympiad were held in April 1896 in the capital of Greece at the Panathenia Stadium. Over a hundred-year history, Olympic sport has gone through a difficult path of development and did not immediately gain popularity and the scale features inherent in it now. Therefore, the analysis of the Olympic movement of our time requires its clear periodization.

Various historians and sociologists propose to link periods of development with the term of activity of IOC presidents or focus on the role of the Olympic movement in the life of the world community. With this approach, the following periodization of the Olympic Games of our time looms:

1st period: games of the 1st - 5th Olympiads 1896 - 1912
2nd period: games of the 7th - 14th Olympiads, 1820 - 1948
3rd period: games of the 15th - 24th Olympiads 1952 - 1988
4th period: games of the 25th and subsequent Olympiads since 1992.

The countdown of the modern Olympic Games began in Athens in 1896. Today, the Olympics are one of the largest events in the world. The modern Olympic movement has inherited principles and ideals from the olympiads of antiquity. The slogan of the games was the appeal of athletes from all over the planet: Faster, higher, stronger. Since 1920, it has been included in the emblem of the Olympics.

Lecture 8. Student sports, its organizational abilities

Availability and the opportunity to play sports during the hours of compulsory physical education classes.
The opportunity to go in for sports freely in their free time from studies in university sports sections or on their own.
The ability to systematically participate in student sports competitions of an affordable level.

This whole system gives every practically healthy student the opportunity to first get acquainted and then choose a sport for regular classes.

Sports competition system

Student competitions in the classroom:

For the championship of study groups.
For the championship courses.
For the Faculty Championship.
For the championship of the university.

International competitions:

Friendly meetings between individual universities.
Championships of the International University Sports Federation.
Universities.

Sports training is carried out in the educational sports department, where the most physically prepared students are enrolled. In order to be enrolled in this department, only the student's personal desire is not enough. A certain athletic readiness or giftedness is required for practicing the chosen sport. This is due to the fact that the student of the sports department is given the task of improving sports. qualifications and regular participation in sports competitions.

Lecture 9. Traditional and non-traditional methods of treatment

The recovery of sick and disabled people can be carried out using various methods of treatment, both traditional and non-traditional. Until recently, the term traditional methods meant the use of generally accepted honey. means and methods of restoring health, which included drug therapy, surgery, physiotherapy exercises, etc.

The methods of traditional medicine are called unconventional, which include phyto-, reflexotherapy, manual therapy, yoga, bioenergetic treatment.

However, given the earlier emergence of non-traditional methods of treatment in comparison with honey. they came to be called traditional medicine methods. Naturally, not all people trust the methods of traditional medicine, but their effectiveness has been confirmed for many centuries.

Their influence is due to a number of factors:

Revitalization immune system the body (this happens when using acupuncture and acupressure). It should be noted that most honey. drugs reduce the function of the immune system (antibiotics).
Reflex effect on the central nervous system, in which excitation is switched from the disease-causing focus to healthy areas of the central nervous system.
The possibility of their use in any situation (most of them do not require sterility).
Much less often you can encounter the manifestation of allergic reactions.

The use of traditional medicine methods is effective, first of all, because the effect in this case will be directly on the cause of the disease, while medications mainly affect systematically, removing only pain or other manifestations.

Some of the methods of traditional medicine can be successfully applied at home by people without special medical training.

The likelihood of side effects when using them is very small, but one should not forget that in case of illness there is always a need to consult a doctor.

Lecture 10. Classification of physical exercise

To classify physical exercises means to logically represent them as a kind of ordered set with certain characteristics.

The most common is the classification of physical exercises according to their predominant requirements for physical quality.

Physical types of exercises are characterized by maximum intensity or power of efforts (sprint running, throwing weights, athletics).
Types of exercises that require the predominant manifestation of endurance in a cyclical movement (running for medium and long distances, swimming, rowing, cross-country skiing).
Types of exercises that require the manifestation of complexly coordinated abilities in a strictly regulated program of movements (gymnastics, figure skating, diving).
Types of exercises that require complex physical manifestation. qualities in conditions of variable modes of motor activity and continuous changes in situations (world sports, boxing, fencing, wrestling).

Along with such a relatively general classification in separate spec. disciplines practice private classifications of physical exercise.

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