Frequency of breathing in a child of 12 months. Human respiratory rate

One of the actions carried out when examining a pediatrician is counting respiratory movements. This simple figure is an important indicator of important information on the state of health in general and the functioning of the respiratory and cardiovascular system in particular.

How to calculate the frequency of respiratory movements (CDD) per minute? This is not particularly difficult. But with the interpretation of data there are certain difficulties. This is more touched by young parents, since, having received the result in a child, several times higher than their own, they fall into panic. Therefore, in this article, we suggest to still figure out what the rate of ChDD in children. The table will help us in this.

Features of the respiratory system of the child

The first thing that the future mother is waiting for so long - the first creek of the baby. It is with this sound that his first breath is happening. By the time of birth, the bodies that ensure the breath of the child are not yet fully developed, and only with the growth of the very organism itself occurs (both in the functional and morphological terms).

Nasal moves (which are the upper breathing tracks) in newborns have their own characteristics:
. They are quite narrow.
. Relatively short.
. The inner surface is gentle, with a huge amount of vessels (blood, lymphatic).

Therefore, even with minor catarrhal phenomena, the nasal mucosa in the child quickly swells, decreases and so small lumen, as a result - breathing makes it difficult, shortness of breath: small children still can not breathe mouth. The younger child, the more dangerous there may be consequences, and the faster it is necessary to eliminate the pathological condition.

Lung fabric in young children also has its own characteristics. They, in contrast to adults, the slightly developed pulmonary fabric, and the lungs themselves have a small volume with a huge number of blood vessels.

Respiratory Frequency Calculation Rules

Measuring the frequency of respiratory movements does not require any special skills or equipment. Everything that will need is a stopwatch (or hours with a second elder) and compliance with simple rules.

A person must be calm and in a convenient position. If we are talking about children, especially early age, then counting respiratory movements is better to spend in a dream. If there is no such possibility, you should maximize the subject from the manipulation carried out. To do this, it is enough to take on the wrist (where the pulse is usually determined) and meanwhile counting the respiratory frequency. It should be noted that the pulse in children under the year (about 130-125 beats per minute) should not cause concerns - this is the norm.

In infants, it is strongly recommended to calculate the respiratory frequency during sleep, since the crying can significantly affect the result and give knowingly false numbers. Putting a hand on the front abdominal wall (or just visually), you can easily carry out this study.

Given that breathing has its own rhythmic cycle, it is necessary to observe the duration of its counting. Be sure to measure the Chadd for a whole minute, and not multiplying the result obtained in just 15 seconds, by four. It is recommended to conduct three counting and calculate the mean value.

CDD rate in children

The table demonstrates the rates of the respiratory movement. Data is presented for children of different age groups.

As we see from the table, the frequency of respiratory movements per minute is higher than the younger child. Gradually, as they grow up, their number decreases, and to a puberty period, when the child is 14-15 years old, the respiratory rate becomes equal to this indicator in an adult healthy person. No differences in gender is not observed.

Types of breathing

There are three main types of breathing in both an adult and a child: chest, abdominal and mixed.

The chest type is more characteristic of a female representative. With it, inhale / exhale is ensured to a greater extent due to the movements of the chest. The disadvantage of this type of respiratory movement is bad ventilation of the lower parts of the lung fabric. Whereas in the abdominal type, when a diaphragm is more involved (and the front abdominal wall is visually moving at the breath), the lack of ventilation is experiencing the upper lung departments. This type of respiratory movement is inherent to a greater extent for men.

But with a mixed type of breathing, an uniform (the same) expansion of the chest occurs with an increase in its cavity in all four directions (upper-lower, side). This is the most correct type of breathing, which provides optimal ventilation of all lung tissue.

Normally, the frequency of respiration in a healthy adult is equal to 16-21 in one minute, in newborns - up to 60 per minute. Above in more detail the rate of ChDD in children (table with age norms).

Student breathing

The first sign of the defeat of the respiratory organs, especially in infectious diseases, is the increase in respiration. At the same time, there will be other signs of a cold illness (cough, runny nose, wheezing, etc.). Quite often, when increasing the body temperature, the respiratory frequency increases and the pulse in children increases.

Breathing delay in a dream

Frequently often in small children (especially infants) in a dream there are short-term respiratory stop duration. This is a physiological feature. But if you notice that such episodes are rapidly, their duration becomes greater or other symptoms arise, such as the formation of a lip or nasolabial triangle, loss of consciousness, immediately need to cause "ambulance" to prevent irreversible consequences.

Conclusion

Respiratory organs in young children have a number of features that contribute to their frequent affect and rapid decompensation of the state. This is primarily due to their immaturity by the time of birth as determined by anatomy-physiological features, incomplete differentiation of the central nervous system structures and their direct influence on the respiratory center and respiratory organs.
The younger child, the less lungs he possesses, the more therefore, it will need to make a greater number of respiratory movements (inhale / exhale) to provide the body with a necessary oxygen volume.

Summing up

It should be remembered that the children of the first months of life often occurs in respiratory arrhythmia. Most often it is not a pathological condition, but only indicates age-related features.

So, now you know what the rate of ChDD in children. The average average table should be taken into account, but should not panic with small deviations. And be sure to consult your doctor before making hasty conclusions!

Breathing is the most natural process of all physiology processes. We are so accustomed to him that they do not even notice him, especially one no one thinks, whether this process is ok or our child is normal. It should be emphasized that breathing is a very important phenomenon, both for the growth of the baby and for its health and development in general. It is necessary to focus on how often your child breathes, because it is from this indicator that how often the child often will be sick.

It should be noted that even the development of speech of the baby depends on whether it is breathing normally. Therefore, parents should be very careful about how much their child is breathing. Unfortunately, it often happens that the normal child's breathing process bothers parents, but they may not be disturbed in the wrong breath at all.

Frequency of breathing in a child

The normal respiratory rate of children, like other processes of physiology, depends on their age. The normal respiratory rate in newborn children, for the first time hours after childbirth, is considered the range from 20 to 80 inhales in one minute, the average frequency of this indicator is, about 30-40 inhales in one minute. At the age of 2 to 3 years, the norm is considered to be 20-30 inhales in one minute, but for a teenager, 12-20 inhales are considered to be the norm. The normal situation is that the baby breathes a completely diaphragm, also very often, their breathing is superficial and not constant. It is necessary to emphasize that in premature babies, breathing can be periodic (i.e., periodically decreases and increases), which is then replaced by a pause in breathing by 10-15 seconds.

In the children born on time, periodic breathing can be found quite rare, but this is also considered a normal indicator. But it should be borne in mind that apnea (pause in breathing), which continues over 20 seconds, or apnea after which the blueness or pallor comes, is always considered as defective (infants apnea).

What is the norm?

Normal is the breath, in which the child first takes a deep breath, and then smooth exhalation. The child's respiration rate should be measured in order to find out how well its lungs are ventilated. If the child's breath is rejected on the ground, then it means that breathing is superficial. Surface respiration creates favorable conditions for pathogenic microorganisms.

Breath Frequency Table in Children

The correct frequency of breathing in kids are such indicators per minute:

for newborns - 40-60 breaths;
for children, age 1-2 months - 35-48 inhales;
for children, age up to 3 years - 28-35 breaths;
for children, age 4-6 years - 24-26 inhales;
for children, age 7-10 years - 31-23 inhales;
for children, age 10-12 years - 18-20 breaths;
for children, age 13-15 years - 16-18 inhales.

Frequency of breathing in newborns

Newly minted parents should be aware that the breath of newborn babies is different from the breath of senior children. The reason for this is that the baby's nasal moves are still poorly developed as, in general, the whole respiratory system. Babies breathe abruptly, then accelerating the pace of breathing, then slowing it. Often, one deep breath is replaced by several short. Such a breath for babies is considered the norm, especially for premature babies, and is called the breathing of Chein-Stokes.

Such breathing flows into a more uniform, for one month, and by the end of the first year of the life of the baby, breathing becomes calm and even. It is necessary to take into account the fact that the nasal strokes of the babies are strongly narrow, so they may be forgotten by a pile and dust, which can cause whistling breathing, hoarzing and suggestion. In order to avoid this - the kid should systematically clean the nose.

How to measure breathing

Measure the frequency of breathing in the baby can only be at a time it is calm. In infants to measure the frequency can be visually looking for the movement of the chest kid. Doctors measure this indicator with a special instrument - a phoneneoscope. But you can do without it without it, for this you need to put your brush on the chest baby, and calculate the breaths. In order for the baby to not interfere with the counting and not frightened, you need to distract it to the toy.

Causes of breathing

Often, respiratory rapidity is accompanied by other symptoms of the respiratory system. For example, a baby, hoarse or whistling sounds may appear at the kid with breathing. If your baby has such signs, you, in obligatory, you need to consult with the doctor, as this may cause various infections. Increasing the frequency of breathing may be a symptom of lung inflammation, which the kids occurs asymptomatic.

If, in addition, a child is observed in a child, it may be a sign of both cardiac pathology and pulmonary pathology, such a child requires unauthorized hospitalization. Also, the rapid breathing may be a symptom of bronchitis and false croup. With a false criterion, the baby is frequent and noisy, in addition to this child, the attacks of a strong cough are tormented.

The reduced respiratory frequency in the kids is much smaller than adults. Reduced breathing may be a symptom of meningitis - serious brain damage. Student breathing is the norm during exercise, moving games. Also, the rapid respiration is a manifestation of stormy emotions, when the child is over-excited, something is interested.

The frequency of respiratory movements is a health indicator. The rate of ChDD in children, a table with the meaning of this indicator for different ages, as well as the results of the survey will help the doctor to identify various deviations from the child.

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Operation of the respiratory system

With each inspection, the children's doctor conducts a set of mandatory procedures, measurements. Counting inhales per minute - one of them. This simple indicator carries enormous information about the condition of the child's respiratory system, the operation of the cardiac system. Counting respiratory frequency can be made independently. But it is much more complicated to deal with the obtained values. The rate of respiratory rate in children is different from adult standards. This is due to the anatomical features of the structure of the children's body.

The first breath of the baby occurs when his first cry. Up to this point, all its breathing bodies are not active. They develop, grow together with the baby in the womb. Oxygen saturation occurs directly through the placenta from the blood of the baby to the baby.

Uniqueness of the upper respiratory tract of a child (nasal ways):

anatomical narrowness;
relatively small length;
the presence of a delicate inner surface with a large number of vessels that carry blood and lymph.

Therefore, the minimum catarrhal manifestations will definitely turn into a nasal mucosa sweep, blocking the lumen of the nasal passages. In a short time, shortness of breath, attacks of respiratory disorders (small kids do not know how to breathe mouth).

Features of the lung fabric in children:

it has a weak development;
small lungs;
a significant amount of vessels.

Methods of counting

Methods of counting respiratory movements:

1. This is a simple procedure that does not require special skills. To perform it, you must take the stopwatch or the clock with the second hand.
2. During the measurement, the patient must be in a calm state, in a convenient position. At all small kids, the counting of breathe is better to spend in a dream either with the maximum dysfast of the baby from the procedure.
3. It is important to remember that Chdd and heart rate (respiratory frequency, pulse) have 2-3 times higher than in adults.
4. For the study, the hand is placed on the front abdominal wall or visually assess the frequency of breaths.
5. The calculation should be carried out one minute. This is due to the rhythmic cycle of breathing.
6. For greater counting accuracy, three studies are recommended by calculating the average value.

Purpose of research

The frequency of respiratory movements, the pulse is required for each inspection. They are very helpful, important to assess the health of the baby. He will not be able to explain what it hurts. A rhythm violation, the frequency of respiratory movements can sometimes be the only symptoms of pathology.

When studying the baby must be calm. It is impossible for him to jump, crawled, spinning. It should not be calculated when the kid is nervous, crying, screaming. This can significantly increase the value of the indicator.

Breasts count Chdd during their rest or sleep.

Be sure to consider breaths for a minute. In newborns, baby breathing is often an arrhythmic. Therefore, the most reliable information can be obtained. Due to the fact that the little children of the breast motion, the diaphragms are pronounced, there will be no need to use additional devices or in touching the baby.

Regulatory indicators

Not one table is drawn up, which makes it possible to accurately determine the rate of the child's respiratory movements per minute. It is compiled by the ages, since at different ages the respiratory rate changes slightly. The indicator is higher than the younger child. Gradually, with age frequency decreases. Approximately 14-15 years, respiratory rate is equal to an adult in frequency. The floor does not affect the frequency of breathing.

Children and adults distinguish three main types of breathing:

chest;
abdominal;
mixed.

There is talking about breast respiration when the breath and exhalation take place to a greater extent due to the movement of the walls of the chest. This type is more peculiar to representatives of weak gender. Its disadvantage is that it is a superficial type of breathing. The lower lung departments in this case are badly ventilated.

With the abdominal type, breathing is carried out at the expense of the diaphragm (visually noticeably, as the front abdominal wall moves). With such breathing, the upper lung departments suffer from hypoventilation. Such a type is inherent in the most part of male representatives.

With mixed breathing there is a uniform breast motion in all its directions. It is considered the most correct type of breathing, in which the full ventilation of all parts of the lung fabric occurs. Respiratory frequency in a healthy adult is 16-20 movements per minute. The newborn baby has 60 inhales per minute.

Increase value

Tahipne testifies to the pathology of the respiratory organs, which is accompanied by a cough, runny nose and wheezes. With increasing body temperature, the respiratory frequency may increase, pulse (especially often such as children).

If there are no health problems, then the increase in the frequency of respiratory movements can mean one thing: the kid breathes superficially, and the lungs are not well ventilated. Breathing delay in a dream is a night apnea. This condition is often observed in infants during sleep (their physiological feature). Manifested by short-term episodes of respiratory stop up to 10-15 minutes.

Ambulance is required in the following cases:

there was a loss of consciousness;
the pallor of the skin, mucousse;
arrhythmic pulse;
cried lips, nasolabial triangle, finger tips;
the duration of the night apnea increased;
the episodes of apnea frequent.

Parents of premature babies are especially important to know what measures should be taken with apnea. Here are some recommendations:

do not lay the baby to sleep on the back;
mom needs to master the basic method of provoking inhale with a simple massage;
you should know the method of stimulating the breath by splashes of cold water.

What is periodic breathing, is it dangerous?

Periodic breathing (Chein-Stokes syndrome) is a pathological type, in which breathing first rare, superficial. It then goes into frequent and deep breathing. After peak frequency, it becomes rare and superficial again, then a short-term delay comes. Such breathing is characteristic of premature babies.

According to modern doctors, such a breath in itself danger to health or the life of the baby does not represent. It only indicates the incomplete formation of nerve impulses in the cerebral cortex. After a month, it is a bit align. And a year later goes away. If such breath appeared sharply against the background of complete well-being - this is a signal of the presence of a pathological process in the brain, the situation requires immediate survey from the doctor.

The development of pathology

Critical Tahipne is an increase in breathing frequency by 20% or more of the age norm. This happens at different illnesses:

cold;
flu;
false croup;
bronchitis;
cardiac pathology.

Often, the rapid respiration arises with his breath or the touch of the baby. Bradypnae - rare breathing. Children's chest it is extremely rare. It is possible to talk about pathology when the frequency decreased by 20% or more of age rules. This may be the first sign of the development of meningitis.

Causes of the development of pathological respiration:

1. Pneumonia, other infections - disturbed breathing against the background of bullous, whistling, hoarse sounds very often signals the problem. It is important to contact a specialist for diagnosing state. Pneumonia in small often can occur asymptomatic, and the change in respiratory movements is very important for diagnosis.
2. High temperature. This change the frequency, the rhythm of inhalation and exhalation of air. Dyspnea can also join.
3. False croup. The kid has a frequent, adsatory cough, noisy breathing, its frequency increases.
4. Obstructive bronchitis is manifested by the attacks of frequent, deep excursions of the chest, shortness of breath.

The respiratory process is expected during exercise, various emotional state of the kid. It begins to breathe often when exciting, serious enthusiasm than something. This is the physiological response of the body that does not require diagnosis and treatment.

In the older children, respiratory movements are completely dependent on the degree of load. When running, jumping, quick walking, during the moving games it should be accelerated. If this does not happen, you must be sure to examine the doctor.

Parents must periodically monitor the frequency of the chest excursions of their child. It is especially important to do this in newborns and kids up to the year, since many of the diseases flow asymptomically. Only the change in indicators can signal an early stage of pathology.

Normal pulse frequency alone in an adult man of drawers per minute; With long standing, as well as with emotional excitement, it can reach 100 beats per minute.

The increase in the frequency of the pulse is called tachycardia, a decrease in bradycardia.

Breathing frequency in children: norm by age

About the condition of the child, much can not only be a pulse, temperature and blood pressure. The frequency of respiratory movements is also very informative. About how to learn to measure it, and what frequency is considered the norm, we will tell in this article.

What it is?

Such a biomarker as the frequency of respiratory movements is known from the most ancient times. The healers of the ancient world have noticed that the patient has this indicator changes. Today, ChDD (the frequency of respiratory movements) does not lose its relevance in the diagnosis of a wide variety of children's and adult diseases. For one movement, it is customary to consider one series "Inhale-exhaling". The number of such movements is estimated for a specific period of time - usually it is 1 minute.

It should be noted that ChDD in children is not at all similar to the same indicator in adults. Children by virtue of anatomical features breathe somewhat differently - their breathing shallow, surface, the frequency of breaths and exhalations is much higher. The need for oxygen in a growing children's body is extremely high, and the volume of the lungs and the size of the chest is small. That is why the baby needs intensive breathing.

However, there are certain norms for different ages. And the excess of the frequency of breathing above these norms may indicate that the child has oxygen starvation (hypoxia). Student breathing accompanies a wide variety of pathology in children.

Why measure?

The frequency of respiratory movements is associated with the determination of the heart rate and the type of breathing is essential diagnostic significance when examining a newborn and infant child. Such children cannot tell the parents that they are bothering them, and only in terms of indicators, it is possible to understand that something is wrong with a crumb. Most of the diseases that are accompanied by rapid breathing in children are successfully treated with timely handling and providing proper medical care. The pediatrician, of course, will pay attention to the Chdd of the child with each planning visit to the clinic.

Otherwise, parents are on guarding health, it is that they need to be able to distinguish a normal breathing from abnormal.

Make it is easy, the frequency of respiratory movements is a parameter that can define independently any mom, any father and a granny kid. The main thing is to do everything competently and correctly assess the results obtained.

How to measure?

If parents seem that the child breathes too often, the frequency of respiration should be measured. It is best to do it when the child is calm, for example, in a dream. When the crumb is awake, playing, experiencing something, experiencing emotions, breathing becomes more frequent, and it is quite natural.

Mom should put a hand on the chest or the belly of a child. The choice of the place of measurement is very important because it determines the type of breath of the kid. Baby and kids up to 4-5 years old, a diaphragmant breathing prevails (the child breathes the belly, the peritoneum on the breath rises methodically, and at the exit - it sinks).

In 4 years, the development of a new thing for the baby is begins to breathe - breast breathing (when the chest rises and the breasts are rising). By 10 years, the child is formed by the type that is more peculiar to him by gender. The boys usually observes abdominal breathing, and girls have a diaphragmal. Thus, determine the place where to put a hand is very simple - it is necessary to repel from the age of the child.

The calculation algorithm is quite simple. For 1 minute, they consider the episodes "inhale-exhaling". One series of such movements is considered for one respiratory movement. A big mistake to measure breathing for 30 seconds to multiply the resulting number to two. Breathing is not as rhythmic, as, for example, pulse, and therefore such a simplified method for measuring the CDD is not suitable. Another minute parents will spend on measuring heart rate (pulse) and it will be possible to estimate the condition of the child, pushing out of age norms.

An electronic clock, a stopwatch or clock with an arrow will be used to measure.

Norma

On the Internet there are mass of tables for which it is proposed to compare the data obtained as a result of measuring the frequency of the child's breathing with norms. It is difficult to assess the truthfulness of each. Pediatricians try to stick to the data that is published in Berkowitz S Pediatrics: A Primary Care Approach. They are officially recognized:

Newborn. Respiratory frequency is per minute. Pulse - from 100 to 160.
Children in 6 months. Respiratory frequency is per minute. Pulse - from 90 to 120.
Children in 1 year. Frequency respiratory faction per minute. Pulse - from 90 to 120.
Children in 3 years. Frequency respiratory faction per minute. Pulse - from 80 to 120.
Children in 6 years. Frequency respiratory faction per minute. Pulse - from 70 to 110.
Children at 10 years old. Respiratory frequency is per minute. Pulse - from 60 to 90.

Attentive parents will be able to notice any deviation from the individual children's norm. We are talking about that frequency on which the child is usually breathing, because one infant has 40 breaths in 60 seconds, and in another baby at the same age - only 25. It is clear that in the second case, the frequency increase will be considered a violation, and In the first, the crumbs with frequent from the birth of breathing the same indicators will be the norm. Parents should not ignore their own observations. After all, moms and dad know the individual features of their baby than anyone, even a very good doctor who sees the child for the first time.

Causes of deviation

The excess of the frequency of respiratory movements in medicine is called Tahipne. This is not a disease, but only a symptom that can talk about the development of a certain pathology. It is possible to talk about Tahipne in the event that the CDD differs from the norm in a large side at least by 20%. Frequent children's respiratory has completely explained physiological and psychological reasons. When children are worried, worried, are in a state of stress, fright, in the nervous situation, they very often react to the stress of the respiratory movements.

Such Tahipne does not require correction, treatment and usually passes independently as the tender child nervous system is strengthened. If the stress is very strong, then parents can consult with a neurologist and a children's psychologist.

Pathological tachypnea is always quite serious diagnoses:

acute or chronic infectious respiratory disease;
bronchial asthma;
high temperature, heat;
card injuries, brain swelling and brain hemorrhage;
pneumonia;
tuberculosis;
tumors in some respiratory departments;
mechanical injuries of the chest (fractures of ribs, cracks and displacements);
pathology of cardiovascular system, congenital heart defects.

When breathing, a superficuous short breath in a child is observed only during periods of increased physical activity, at the moments when the child is tired and trying to breathe. Dyspnea temporary and transient. Tahipne is constant. If the excess of the normal respiratory frequency does not disappear in the child, even in a dream, this is definitely the grounds for calling a doctor and examine the baby for a possible disease.

What to do?

If you detect an increase in ChDD in newborns, it is best to call a doctor. If the baby has other symptoms - runny nose, cough, heat, breath or exit have become difficult, the optimal solution is to call the "ambulance". An older child can try to assist yourself. The prerequisite is the absence of any additional painful features.

To stop the attack of Tahipne it, it is enough to take a paper bag, cut through a small hole in it and offer to the child in the game form through the package. This will help restore gas exchange in cells, and breathing stabilizes.

Inhale and exhale should only be done through the package, the air from the outside can not be inhaled.

Sudden gaining breathing without visible causes (excitement, stress, fright) - always anxious symptom, ignore which parents should not. It is important to quickly take yourself in your hands, calm the baby, make a breath through the package, make sure that the child's skin has a normal color, have not changed, they did not pale and the synushia did not appear. Treatment always implies therapy of the underlying disease that caused rapid breathing.

What can I do?

Parents should not try to give a child with their frequent breathing medicines. No pills and drops at this point can affect a separate symptom of the likely hidden illness. But it is quite possible to worsen the condition of the baby by selflessly by these drugs. Do not try to make a child with impaired inhalation frequency. They are not able to help, but burn the respiratory tract, which kroch can get with ferry inhalation, is quite a real threat.

It is important for parents to learn to distinguish Tahipne from the most ordinary shortness of breath.

About what frequency of breathing in a child is considered correct, see the next video.

Monitoring the child's breathing - how and why do it?

Breathing is a physiological marker of the state of our body. As adults, we do not pay special attention to him, another thing, if this is a child or a newborn baby.

Any child is subject to difficulties inherent in its age. Rubber, colds, bronchopulmonary diseases are often developing unnoticed at that age, because the baby often cannot say that it bothers something or somewhere hurts.

However, many diseases can be identified in the early stages if you pay attention to the baby's breath.

In infant and childhood, almost all organism systems differ significantly from the adult systems.

At the birth of the kid, its light and chest have a different proportion than an adult. The baby's chest increases faster than the lungs, and only in an adult it acquires the size in which fully straightened lungs are placed in a relaxed chest.

Children are completely not completely straightened even at the time of full lifting of the chest on the breath. In order for the children's organism to receive the required oxygen rate, the body and is forced to breathe with an increased frequency. Therefore, the frequency of respiration in newborns is the highest among all age groups.

Another feature of the breath of babies: about 70% of them to the age of 3-6 weeks breathe only through the nose. And only 30% immediately breathe through the nose and mouth. This does not mean that children breathing through the nose do not know how to breathe through the mouth, they simply do not make it in their usual, calm state.

In the first months of the baby's life, its nasal moves of anatomically narrow, and the mucous surfaces of the respiratory tract in a much greater degree than in adults, are supplied with blood. This property of the mucous membrane is very useful for the baby, because it allows the cold and dry air to fall into the lungs already warmed and moistened, purified from dust and malicious microbes.

But besides advantages, breathing through the nose has its drawbacks. The narrowness of the nasal passages during inflammation, the edema of the mucous membranes or the nasal congestion does not allow the child to do a full breath. Any sorneka that fell into the nose can provoke sneezing and accumulation of mucus. The baby's breathing is hampered, becomes superficial and frequent, its sleep and feeding is disturbed. The baby becomes restless, begins to scream, thereby ensuring the admission of the desired amount of air into the lungs.

The work of the pulmonary system of the newborn largely depends on the operation of its diaphragm. This muscle separates the chest cavity from the abdominal and due to its abbreviations ensures the respiratory movements of the lungs. Therefore, problems with the gastrointestinal tract, as well as the tight fusion of the baby, limiting the mobility of its diaphragm, affect the frequency of its respiratory movements.

At the older age, children are already breathing in many ways at the expense of intercostal muscles and muscles of the abdominal press.

Sometimes infants have a type of breathing, in which regular disadvantages alternate with irregular. This is the norm for this age.

An unusual infant breathing in itself should not be a reason for alarm. Surface, tearful breaths with wheezing or unstable rhythm is a fairly common phenomenon, although it is some deviation.

Hearth and chdd people

As the child grows, the Chdd ratio and CSS should approach the norm of an adult. These indicators help to calculate the intensity of physical and moral load on the child. For adults, the norms also differ depending on the level of physical activity. SHSS athletes are lower than those who are not related to sports.

What is hearth and chdd?

Cardiac frequency - counting the number of shocks that make a heart per minute. The frequency of respiratory movements is the number of inhales and exhale per minute. These indicators make it possible to determine as far as the breath is deep and rhythmic, as well as the possibility of analyzing the health of the chest. The characteristics of the heartbeat in different periods of growth are different.

Table as wells in children: norms

Pulse studies have shown that newborns it is 140 shots per minute. The pulse frequency in children in the first 12 months of life decreases to 110-130, and over 12 years old - the pulse rate reaches approximately the norm of the adult. The rate of ChDD in children is important for assessing the condition of respiratory tract, heart, blood system and health in general. The ratio of ChDD to the heart rate - the respiratory-pulse coefficient in the infants 1: 2.5, in children up to 12 months - 1: 3, older - 1: 4. The following table represents the Norms of ChDD and CSS in children by age.

Measurement of heart rate and chdd

How to measure pulse:

Take a wrist in the field of definition of the pulse.
Enable Stopwatch.
Calculate the number of heartbeat per minute.

Respiratory calculation technique in children (breathing):

Distract a child.
Put your hand on the stomach or take the hand.
Count the number of cycles in 1 minute.
Rate the result.

To count the heart rate, the kid must accept a fixed position. It is impossible to measure after various loads of physical or emotional, since the pulse is expensive. After that, it is worth determining the compliance of the results with the indicators of the norm. Normally, rhythmic rhythmic and clear. Calculation technique is used for different ages. The frequency of respiration is measured for a minute. The kids count the respiratory movements is better to spend in a dream.

Deviations from the norm

Do not worry, if the heart rate and chdd of the baby are somewhat different with the testimony of an adult. And only when receiving data significantly different from the norm specified in the table, it is necessary to be examined by the doctor to determine the main cause of deviations. Student superficial respiration is called Tahipne. Exceeding the pulse rate is called tachycardia, a decrease in bradycardia.

Frequent breathing

Frequent breathing is an increase in the repeatability of respiratory movements, in which its rhythm does not change, and can develop due to gas exchange disorders with carbon dioxide and decrease in the amount of oxygen. As a result, the amplitude of movements when breathing becomes smaller. At times, the rapid respiration is exacerbated, which is taken for shortness of breath, in which the respiratory rate in children should be greater than 60 inhales and exhale per minute.

Fast pulse

Causes of violations in heart rate can be different. It is mainly high air temperature, muscle load and stress. In these cases, the heart rate becomes more that there is no pathology. If the kid has a pulse rhythm in calm state, then you need to pay attention to it. The main causes of such a condition:

Slow Pulse

If the slow pulse is associated with pathologies and is accompanied by unpleasant symptomatics, i.e. dizziness, weakness, decay, increased or reduced blood pressure, then with high probability diagnose bradycardia. In the absence of pathologies and well-being, it speaks of a good travelery of the body, since the CSS athletes are lower than those of other people. The pulse mode for the rational physical activity can be calculated for different ages, namely: heart rate (maximum) \u003d 220 - age (number of full years).

Breathing frequency in children

How to measure the frequency of breathing in children?

Causes of breathing disorders

Sometimes, a child breathing may be accompanied by bullous, whistling or hoarse sounds. Such symptoms require immediate appeal to the doctor - the frequency of respiratory movements increases with infectious diseases. An increase in this indicator is one of the tools in the diagnosis of pneumonia, which often in children proceeds almost asymptomatic.

Periodic counting the number of breaths in children is necessary. It is especially important to observe newborn and children up to a year, since many pathological conditions proceed without expressly pronounced symptoms, and the respiratory rate will help draw attention to violations at an early stage of the disease.

CDD rate in children

Kids respiratory system and its features

The first disclosure of lungs in the newborn occurs immediately after the appearance of the baby on the light. By this time, the child's respiratory system is not yet developed to the end and has a number of features. So, the babies have narrow and short nasal moves that can not always cope with full breathing. The respiratory system is sharpened to breastfeeding does not allow children to breathe mouth, so they can develop shortness of breath and blockage of nasal passages.

The little child is not yet able to clean the nasal moves by blowing outdoor, so for normal breathing, it is especially necessary for the care and care of an adult.

Interesting: During sleep, the babies can hold the breath when switching from the fast sleep phase to slow and back, it is absolutely normal.

How to consider chdd

This is the simplest procedure that can be held at home. It will take only a stopwatch and a baby in a state of rest, otherwise the data will be unreliable. The ideal time of CDD count will be a dream, since the crying or anxiety of the child can distort the results of the study.

You can measure Chdd infants with a visually, in the movements of the chest, or putting the palm to it. An older child can be taken after the wrist (under the base of the thumb) and, watching the pulse, calculate the number of inhales and exhale.

CDD rate in children

The table shows the average values \u200b\u200bof the normal frequency of respiratory movements in children from 0 to 12 years. In the future, the rate of ChDD child coincides with the norm of an adult.

It is clearly clear from the table that with the age of CDD decreases, while the rate of respiration does not depend on human sexuality. This is due to the fact that with age, the respiratory system will gradually grow up, changing at every stage of development.

What are the CDD data

If, with the correct dimension of the CDD, you will find that the child's breath is rapidly or difficult, then you should immediately consult a doctor. This may indicate both violations in the respiratory system and the presence of an infectious disease.

At the same time, the increase in breathing during physical exertion, increased emotionality or passionateness of the child by some occupation is completely normal and does not require access to a specialist.

Norma Chadd in children: Table by age

With each inspection, the children's doctor conducts a set of mandatory procedures, measurements. Counting inhales per minute - one of them. This simple indicator carries enormous information about the condition of the child's respiratory system, the operation of the cardiac system. Counting respiratory frequency can be made independently. But it is much more complicated to deal with the obtained values. The rate of respiratory rate in children is different from adult standards. This is due to the anatomical features of the structure of the children's body.

Uniqueness of the upper respiratory tract of a child (nasal ways):

anatomical narrowness;
relatively small length;
the presence of a delicate inner surface with a large number of vessels that carry blood and lymph.

Features of the lung fabric in children:

it has a weak development;
small lungs;
a significant amount of vessels.

Methods of counting respiratory movements:

1. This is a simple procedure that does not require special skills. To perform it, you must take the stopwatch or the clock with the second hand.
2. During the measurement, the patient must be in a calm state, in a convenient position. At all small kids, the counting of breathe is better to spend in a dream either with the maximum dysfast of the baby from the procedure.
3. It is important to remember that Chdd and heart rate (respiratory frequency, pulse) have 2-3 times higher than in adults.
4. For the study, the hand is placed on the front abdominal wall or visually assess the frequency of breaths.
5. The calculation should be carried out one minute. This is due to the rhythmic cycle of breathing.
6. For greater counting accuracy, three studies are recommended by calculating the average value.

Breasts count Chdd during their rest or sleep.

Not one table is drawn up, which makes it possible to accurately determine the rate of the child's respiratory movements per minute. It is compiled by the ages, since at different ages the respiratory rate changes slightly. The indicator is higher than the younger child. Gradually, with age frequency decreases. Approximately flew respiratory indicator equates adult in frequency. The floor does not affect the frequency of breathing.

Children and adults distinguish three main types of breathing:

With mixed breathing there is a uniform breast motion in all its directions. It is considered the most correct type of breathing, in which the full ventilation of all parts of the lung fabric occurs. The frequency of respiration in a healthy adultden in per minute. The newborn baby has 60 inhales per minute.

Ambulance is required in the following cases:

there was a loss of consciousness;
the pallor of the skin, mucousse;
arrhythmic pulse;
cried lips, nasolabial triangle, finger tips;
the duration of the night apnea increased;
the episodes of apnea frequent.

Parents of premature babies are especially important to know what measures should be taken with apnea. Here are some recommendations:

do not lay the baby to sleep on the back;
mom needs to master the basic method of provoking inhale with a simple massage;
you should know the method of stimulating the breath by splashes of cold water.

Critical Tahipne is an increase in breathing frequency by 20% or more of the age norm. This happens at different illnesses:

Causes of the development of pathological respiration:

1. Pneumonia, other infections - disturbed breathing against the background of bullous, whistling, hoarse sounds very often signals the problem. It is important to contact a specialist for diagnosing state. Pneumonia in small often can occur asymptomatic, and the change in respiratory movements is very important for diagnosis.
2. High temperature. This change the frequency, the rhythm of inhalation and exhalation of air. Dyspnea can also join.
3. False croup. The kid has a frequent, adsatory cough, noisy breathing, its frequency increases.
4. Obstructive bronchitis is manifested by the attacks of frequent, deep excursions of the chest, shortness of breath.

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The norms of the pulse and breathing in children by age: tables with indicators of CSS and ChDD

Child heartbeat observation will help to notice and prevent the disease of the cardiovascular system. The calculation takes 2 indicators:

pulse frequency;
frequency of heart rate (heartbeat).

The pulse and heart rate allow you to draw conclusions about whether the cardiovascular system of the kid is correctly functioning. This allows you to identify congenital pathologies or diagnose the early stage of the disease. Violation of the CSS norm indicates arrhythmia. To identify the presence of pathology, it is necessary to know the methods for measuring the heart rate and chdd, correctly apply them in practice, as well as to distinguish norms for kids of different ages from the pathological process.

The rate of the pulse and respiratory rate differs depending on the age of the child

Determination of heart rate and respiratory movements

Counting ChDD and heart rate - mandatory procedure when examining newborns. It helps to appreciate the well-being of the baby, because he himself will not be able to report what kind of symptoms it is worried. It is possible to carry out measurements yourself without waiting for a pediatrician. The frequency of breathing, pulse, the level of blood pressure - sometimes the only signals about the impending danger.

Counting ChDD and pulse in a child is an elementary procedure that will take just a minute. She has its subtleties:

The respiratory frequency and pulse are measured in calm state. Emotional excitation (laughter, alarm, tears) or physical exertion (active games) are instantly reflected on the value of the indicator. The study will not be objective. The most optimal option is to measure the amount of breath, while the child is sleeping, and then the result will not be distorted.
Read the breaths and heart blows need to be exactly a minute. If you try to calculate how many of them occur in less time, and then with the help of mathematical actions, you calculate a minute indicator, the result will be incorrect. The breathing and heartbeat of the breast baby is characterized by arrhythmia, therefore, the amount of breaths or shocks in equal periods of time may be different.
The results obtained do not mean that you need to immediately beat the alarm. If the child looks healthy, you just made a mistake when counting. This moment is better to find out during the inspection of the pediatrician.

Measuring the frequency of respiratory movements is better to spend during a child's sleep

Tables of CSS Norms and Chdd at different ages

CSS is an indicator recorded when the artery wall movement during the work of the heart muscle. It is possible to carry out measurements not only from the earliest thing to the baby, but before it is born. How the fetus heart beats in the maternal womb may not only testify to the presence of pathologies, but will allow you to determine the floor of the future kid. Generally accepted standards of heart rate before the birth of a child and heartbeat during the first 10 years of his life are presented in the tables below.

Fruit heart rate during pregnancy:

As already mentioned, using the frequency of the fetal frequencies, you can determine the gender of the baby. So, scientists found out that the future boys the heart beats slower, and the pulse is close to the minimal reference value. Girls - on the contrary, fast heartbeat. More or less reliable results can be obtained after the onset of 10 weeks of pregnancy. The method has the right to exist, but is not reliable. It will only fit those who want to learn the gender, without resorting to the ultrasound.

Heavy rates for different ages:

Norms of ChDD in children of different ages:

As can be seen from the tables presented, the dynamics of breathing and heart rate in children decreases with age. The presence of an impressive range between the maximum and minimum indicators is explained by the individual characteristics of the baby. Thus, the heart rate, weight, gender and other characteristics affect the heart rate and pulse.

Measurement methods and pulse count algorithm in children

You can select 3 methods for measuring the pulse in children:

Independent. Install the stopwatch timer for 1 minute. Attach a thumb to the place where the artery is located (wrist, neck, elbow, temple). Part of the body is most convenient for observation of heartbeat, for each individual.
Using a special bracelet. Such a pulsometer can be bought in a pharmacy or any sports accessory store. Compared to the first, this method is less accurate, because High-quality copies find hard.
Medical examination. Performed by a doctor with a certain frequency. For fixing the pulse, newborn doctors use a stethoscope. It will not be superfluous to measure hell with a tonometer.

The optimal point for an independent survey is sleep time or moment immediately after awakening. In a dream, the baby is calm, and his pulse is not very distorted. Pose lying more preferable than the rest. Boots should be considered carefully. It is better to test yourself and go through the entire algorithm of actions several times - the CSS should not hesitate to void within one indicator.

What does the child heartbeat depends on?

The pulse indicator in children depends on:

age (the more years, the lower the rates of norm);
body masses;
body position when measuring;
time of day, etc.

The frequency of heart abbreviations in overweight children will be higher

For maximum accuracy, spend several measurements in the same conditions. For example, try to count the pulse to the child at the same time of the day, at the same body position, etc. If a child is ill or capricious, it is better to postpone the procedure. Before counting the pulse, measure the body temperature. Norm - 36.5-37.0 ° C.

What does the rapid or slow pulse indicate?

The high pulse may appear for a number of reasons, among which pathological and non-pathological are distinguished. Napatological include:

physical activity;
body overheating;
emotional arousal;
overwork.

The listed factors have no pathological nature and are normal. In this case, you do not need to see a doctor. Another thing if there are no visible reasons for increasing the heart rate. Then the deviation from the norm may occur due to:

dysfunction nervous system;
increased acidity;
reduced oxygen level in the body;
infectious diseases;
pathologies of the cardiovascular system: myocarditis, endocarditis, congenital defects.

Deviations from the CSS Norms may indicate the development of serious diseases, so the child must be shown by an experienced specialist

Ignore this body signal is dangerous to health baby. The development of pathologies in the absence of adequate therapy will lead to a shortage of nutrients in coronary capillaries. The smaller the baby years, the weaker his heart muscle, so it cannot cope with such a load. The most terrible consequence is the fibrillation of the ventricles of the heart.

Why does a delayed heartbeat occur? Bradycardia may indicate:

hypotension - insufficient blood pressure;
endocarditate - inflammation of the inner shell of the heart muscle;
myocardet - defeat of the heart;
thyroid dysfunction;
starvation;
supercooling.

If cardiac rhythm decreases to 40 shots, immediately call the ambulance brigade. The launched state will lead to a comatose. In addition to the slow motion pulse, bradycardia is characterized by the presence of such symptoms as weakness, fatigue, drowsiness and decrease in blood pressure. If one or more symptoms are detected, it is necessary to quickly seek medical attention.

Norma Chdd in children: Table

Norma Chadd in children: Table. Frequency of respiratory movements

January 29, 2016

Features of the respiratory system of the child

Nasal moves (which are the upper breathing tracks) in newborns have their own characteristics:

They are quite narrow.

The inner surface is gentle, with a huge amount of vessels (blood, lymphatic).

Respiratory Frequency Calculation Rules

A person must be calm and in a convenient position. If we are talking about children, especially early age, then counting respiratory movements is better to spend in a dream. If there is no such possibility, you should maximize the subject from the manipulation carried out. To do this, it is enough to take on the wrist (where the pulse is usually determined) and meanwhile counting the respiratory frequency. It should be noted that the pulse in children under the year (Okoludarov per minute) should not cause fears - this is the norm.

Given that breathing has its own rhythmic cycle, it is necessary to observe the duration of its counting. Be sure to measure the Chadd for a whole minute, and not multiplying the result obtained in just 15 seconds, by four. It is recommended to conduct three counting and calculate the mean value.

CDD rate in children

The table demonstrates the rates of the respiratory movement. Data is presented for children of different age groups.

As we see from the table, the frequency of respiratory movements per minute is higher than the younger child. Gradually, as they grow up, their number decreases, and to a puberty period, when the child is performed, the respiratory rate becomes equal to this indicator in an adult healthy person. No differences in gender is not observed.

Types of breathing

There are three main types of breathing in both an adult and a child: chest, abdominal and mixed.

Normally, the frequency of respiration in a healthy adult is equal to one minute, in newborns - up to 60 per minute. Above in more detail the rate of ChDD in children (table with age norms).

Student breathing

Breathing delay in a dream

Conclusion

The younger child, the less lungs he possesses, the more therefore, it will need to make a greater number of respiratory movements (inhale / exhale) to provide the body with a necessary oxygen volume.

Summing up

It should be remembered that the children of the first months of life often occurs in respiratory arrhythmia. Most often it is not a pathological condition, but only indicates age-related features.

Table of the rate of CDD in children: What do you need to know in addition to dry numbers?

We think you infirmly pay attention to how many breaths you do per minute. For adult healthy people, such a value as the frequency of respiratory movements is not very relevant. What can not be said about the newborn: the respiratory frequency in children is not in vain is one of the most important indicators of well-being and development, allowing to monitor and respond to various diseases and pathology in time.

How and why should I consider ChDD?

Let's start with the fact that with any therapeutic examination, doctors check the chdd newborn together with the pulse: this is how important this value is important in the assessment of the state of the kids. The fact is that the baby will not be able to tell you that something is wrong with him, and sometimes the deviation in the frequency of respiration is the only sign of a developing disease. But before making any conclusions about the health of your crumbs, you need to learn this information to collect.

When counting the CHD infants, it is important to observe a few moments that the data be reliable, and the rest of the procedure is elementary and will take literally.

Consider the respiratory frequency only at rest. If the child is actively spinning, crawling or walks, breathing will be rapidly. If the baby has twisted, transported or crying, the respiratory frequency will also increase. It will be easier to determine the amount in a dream when nothing will distort information.
Consider the amount of breath per minute. If you consider breaths in 30 seconds and multiply on 2, information may be incorrect due to arrhythmic breathing characteristic of the newborn.
When calculating, you can not use any additional devices. The infants of the chest and the diaphragms are clearly manifested, therefore, it is possible to calculate the newborn, even without touching it.

After receiving the data, you can panic: here are unreal numbers, and arrhythmia, and incomprehensible breathing delays! Should I beat the alarm and go to the doctor or the situation develops within the normal range?

Perfect layout

Of course, there is a certain set of respiratory rate for different ages, which below we will be presenting in the form of a table, and it is from this information that this information can be repeated, assessing the state of the kid. So, if a newborn is up to a minute, it is 50 inhales per minute, it's not worth worrying, but if we are talking about a two-year-old child at rest, then it is already abnormal.

In addition, we are accustomed to breathe correctly - this is a deep smooth breath and measured exhale, and, of course, such a split is ideal for kids. But due to the peculiarities of the body of newborns, such a picture is quite rare, and deviations from the norm "Deep inhale - smooth exhalation" make parents worry and worry. But is it worth it?

Nasal moves in newborns are narrow and easily clogged, and the mouth of the kids can not breathe, which leads to shortness of breath, snot and tremendous especially in a dream. That is why it is so important to clean the baby's babies from dust and dirt and not allow strong edema of the mucous.

Is there a periodic breathing dangerous?

Chein-Stokes syndrome, or periodic breathing, is characteristic of premature babies, although the born is often found in time. With such a breathing process, the kid breathes rarely and superficially, then moves to more frequent and deep breaths, after reaching the peak breath, it breathes less often and superficially, and then a short delay occurs. From the part it may seem that this is some kind of attack, and the child urgently needs help, but if you move the norm from the concept of "adult", it turns out that there is nothing terrible here. Usually, such a type of breathing is already somewhat aligned by the month, and by year there is no trace of it. But how many nerves periodic breathing takes away from unprepared parents!

Even when there is no health problems, the rapid breathing of the newborn means that the baby breathes superficially, which means that the lungs are not ventilated quite carefully.

Risks of frequent, rare breathing and pause

If frequent, abdominal and even arrhythmic breath in children is the norm, then how to understand that there was a problem, and do not miss the moment?

Student breathing (tachipne) will be considered critical when deviating from the age norm by 20%. This condition may indicate a number of diseases: from cold, influenza, false cereals and bronchitis to serious infections, as well as pulmonary and heart pathologies. In most cases, the rapid breathing, which should cause your fear, will be accompanied by a shortness of breath or the touch of the baby.

Slow breathing (Bradypuna) for infants is unusual. If you have inhales less than the norm, it can be a sign of developing meningitis, but most likely your child grows, and the child's breathing rate is reduced precisely because of this. To speak about a slowdown, again, it is possible only if the indicators are below the age norm by 20%.

Respiratory delay (apnea) is an absolutely normal phenomenon, especially if we are talking about periodic breathing, but it should not exceed. If the baby does not breathe longer than 20 seconds and the attack is accompanied by a paleness, an arrhythmical pulse and the formation of fingertips and lips, then it is necessary to immediately call an ambulance: such a situation is far from the norm, and the child needs a survey.

If the child was born prematurely, it is better to immediately learn how to act when apnea, so as not to fall into a stupor when it stops breathing for a while. If you do not put the baby on the back during sleep and know the basic techniques of provoking inhale like a simple massage or splashing with cold water, such moments will not give a lot of trouble nor to you.

How many breaths your baby is doing in a minute, unambiguously need to track on a regular basis. Of course, only you will have to decide whether you will cope with yourself or cause a doctor, but hopefully information in the article will help you make the right decision.

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