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Violations of the skin The work was carried out by: teacher of geography and biology MAOU SOSH №19 Novorossiysk Karaulova E.V.
Stratum corneum Growth layer Dermis Blood vessels Hair follicles Sebaceous glands Sweat glands Hypodermis Subcutaneous adipose tissue Epidermis cuticle Skin structure Nerve
Main functions Protective function Excretory organ Participates in the body's gas exchange with the external environment Formation of melanin pigment that absorbs ultraviolet rays to protect deeper tissues and internal organs from the harmful effects of these rays. Place of vitamin D formation Skin damage Failure of one or more functions DISEASE
So, too abundant nutrition leads to the fact that the skin turns red, takes on a greasy look. The consumption of alcoholic beverages, smoking changes the complexion, leads to puffiness and other cosmetic defects due to dysfunction of the skin vessels. Excessive obsession with mono diets can lead to an imbalance in the body, which affects the skin, for example, severely dry and irritated Contact with detergents, excessive consumption of food allergens (oranges, chocolate), a reaction to cosmetical tools etc. The effect on the condition of the skin of the lack of vitamins is especially great. If there is not enough vitamin A, the skin becomes dry, cracks, darkens, and baldness often occurs. A lack of vitamin B 2 can lead to cracks in the corners of the mouth, to broken nails, to eczema, and a lack of vitamin C can lead to subcutaneous hemorrhages. Rearrangements of the endocrine glands, rash intake of medications - acne in adolescents INTERNAL
Flame A person gets burned mainly from clothes that catch fire. Synthetic materials melt and penetrate deep into the skin, and then it is very difficult to separate them. Flame burns are uneven and spotty. Thermal burns 2) Burns resulting from contact with various other substances - fats, oils. Burns are small in depth and in area, since fats and oils do not spread over the surface of the skin, they have a patchy character. 3) Electric shock burns: May be from lightning and household electrical appliances. The area burns are minor, but deep, muscles and bones are damaged. Light thermal burns cause a burning sensation. The skin is swollen and reddened. The fired area is cooled under running water. Then wipe with cologne or a weak solution of potassium permanganate. If bubbles form, a bandage is applied after they burst. It is impossible to pierce the bubbles, microbes can get into the wound. In case of severe burns, a sterile bandage is applied to the victim and taken to the hospital. Acid-burned skin (chemical burn) is first washed with running water, and then with a 2% baking soda solution. If alkali gets on the skin, then it is first washed off with water, and then treated with weak solutions of acetic or citric acid... After these procedures, the affected area is washed again with clean water and a sterile bandage is applied.
4) Burns with alkali and acid Burns with alkali are much more dangerous than with acid, in which proteins coagulate and form a crust, a scab, which prevents penetration into the deep layers. 5) Burns with phosphorus and lime Chemical burns
Burns of the 1st degree are manifested by a pronounced redness of the skin and tissue edema, accompanied by burning pain and damage to the upper layers of the skin. Second degree burns - In addition to the severe symptoms noted at degree 1, there is the formation of blisters filled with serous fluid. III degree burns affect all layers of the skin. Burns IV complete destruction of the skin and underlying muscle layer. Burn classification When the skin lesion area exceeds 10%, burn shock should be expected
The goal is to reduce pain and prevent life-threatening complications. Assisting with burns of I and II degrees: 1) As soon as possible, put the burned surface under a stream of cold water and hold for 5-10 minutes. 2) Cover with a dry, clean cloth. 3) Apply cold on top of the fabric (an ice pack or a bag of cold water or snow). Unacceptable: Lubricate damaged areas with creams and fats, sprinkle with flour and starch. - Open bubbles and remove adhering tissue. First aid for thermal burns
Assisting with burns of III, IV degrees: 1) Apply a clean film or cloth to the damaged surface. 2) Place ice packs on top of the film. 3) Give the victim an analgin tablet (if he is conscious) 4) When waiting for an ambulance for a long time, provide the victim with plenty of warm drink. First aid for thermal burns
Unacceptable: Rip off clothes from the skin surface Open bubbles Bandage the burnt surface Rinse off dirt and soot from the skin surface Treat the damaged surface with powders and alcohol-containing solutions First aid for thermal burns
Help with chemical burns Burns caused by acid Rinse the burn area with a jet of cold water and then with an alkaline solution: soapy water or a baking soda solution. 2) A burn caused by alkali, rinse the area with water, apply a cloth dampened with mild vinegar or lemon juice... The burn is covered with a bandage before being sent to the hospital. 3) If phosphorus gets on the skin, then it flares up. The burnt place must be lowered under water. Remove pieces of phosphorus with a stick, apply a bandage. 4) If you get quicklime, do not allow contact with moisture - a violent chemical reaction will take place. Burn treatment is performed with any oil.
Frostbite damage to the skin and underlying tissues under the influence of low temperature. The first sign of frostbite is the appearance of white spots on the skin and loss of sensation. In this case, the whitened nose, ears, cheeks rub soft cloth... Rubbing should be done carefully so as not to damage the skin. Frostbite areas should not be rubbed with snow, as snow crystals can scratch it. If sensitivity is not restored, and the spots darken, you need to see a doctor. In case of severe frostbite of the hands or feet, the victim is taken to a warm room. The limb is wrapped with cotton wool, wool, so that rewarming occurs slowly, due to the heat released by the body. Warming drink is useful.
Rub the whitened areas with a soft cloth until redness and recovery of sensitivity.In case of severe frostbite, take the victim to the room Remove the frostbite shoes and clothes Create a heat-insulating bandage so that the tissues are warmed from the inside due to the restoration of blood circulation Give plenty of drink If necessary, give an anesthetic (1-2 analgin tablets) Call a doctor
THANK YOU FOR THE ATTENTION!
In view of certain features of the structure of the skin and a large number of certain factors affecting its condition, the skin is caused by a variety of diseases of one nature or another. Let's consider skin diseases in more detail.
The main function of the skin is to protect the internal organs of the human body from one pathology or another. Not only the appearance of a person, but also his health depends on the condition of the skin. And often people, faced with the problems of diseases of the skin, suffer from their manifestations not only physically, but also morally, enduring discomfort and aesthetic inconvenience.
The specificity of the development of skin diseases is represented by inflammatory processes affecting one or another area of the human skin. The appearance of any skin ailment is due to the causes of a particular disease with problems having both internal and external roots.
Treatment of diseases of a dermatological nature alleviates the external manifestations of skin diseases, but does not relieve a person of their causes. Therefore, when remission is replaced by an exacerbation of a disease, such a problem in a person only causes a feeling of depression and anxiety about his state of health.
Therefore, in the event of any specific skin condition previously unknown to a person, it is recommended to seek help and advice from a dermatologist.
The main causes of skin diseases
There can be many reasons for the appearance of skin diseases. Medical science groups them into diseases of endogenous (internal) manifestation and exogenous (external). Based on the problem of provoking one or another skin ailment, the treatment necessary for a person is selected.
The reasons for the internal manifestation of skin ailments are indicated:
- metabolic issues- metabolic disorders in the human body;
- destabilizing hormonal balance- a common violation adolescence manifested on the skin in the form of rashes and pimples;
- intestinal dysbiosis- insufficient assimilation of nutrients, which are so necessary for the human body;
- gastrointestinal diseases along with the poisoning of the whole body;
- stressful situations- constant emotional and physical tension with the expenditure of all available forces of the body and the further vulnerability of a person to other diseases.
The development of any skin diseases can be implicated, so to speak, individual characteristics a particular person - genetic predisposition, various allergic reactions, for example, to medications, as well as possible infection with a particular infection.
In medical science, there is such a conceptual phenomenon as psychosomatics... It is based on the psychogenic origin of certain skin problems. A person who is in psycho-emotional stress for a long period can respond to such stress by manifesting any skin diseases. And here medicine will be practically powerless, only courses of psychotherapy will help.
From the above, we can conclude that skin ailments can be of different etiology and knowledge of the very cause of the disease can really help in preventing a new outbreak of the disease.
Symptoms
You need to know how to skillfully and timely respond to the primary signs of skin diseases, accompanied by the following symptoms:
- itching and an increase in its intensity as the disease progresses;
- rashes that differ in shape, color and scale of distribution, depending on the reasons for their occurrence;
- possible burning sensation and tingling sensations;
- peeling of the skin- the most common symptom of most skin diseases.
And of course, insomnia, which accompanies almost all dermatological diseases. It can be difficult for a person to fall asleep, especially when, for example, the affected skin comes into contact with clothing or something else.
Types and subspecies of skin diseases
Fungal skin lesions.
Diseases of this type include:
Scab – a disease caused by a fungus that affects the scalp, internal organs and nails. The disease is indicated:
- hair loss;
- small spots of reddish color.
Microsporia or in another way ringworm, often transmitted disease to humans from sick animals.
The disease is indicated by itching of low intensity, red spots that have clear boundaries with a slight elevation above the skin.
Note! The listed skin diseases are contagious, transmitted by infection from another person.
Pustular skin lesions.
This type of disease is caused by staphylococci and streptococci, as well as infection as a result of hypothermia and the presence of psychological trauma.
Diseases of this type include:
Pustular rash which can be infectious, non-infectious and allergic in nature.
Boils - indicated by a dense infiltrate, with further opening of the pustule, discharge of pus and subsequent scarring.
Leprosy.
This disease is better known as leprosy has a chronic course of the disease with mutational changes, which mainly affect the mucous membrane of the skin. Has a latent period from 12 months to 10 years.
Symptoms after the latent period reveal themselves - nosebleeds, dry mouth, swelling of the lymph nodes.
Skin tuberculosis - this type of disease is more likely to affect people with pre-existing tuberculosis of the lungs.
The symptoms of this disease are due to:
- the spread of spots on the skin;
- tubercles;
- sores.
The disease, which is not completely cured, leads to the process of scarring of the ulcers present on the skin.
Pediculosis or in another way - phthiriasis, is an ailment easily treatable .
- gray rashes about 3 mm in size;
- possible bubbles on the skin;
- red nodules or watery crusts.
Important! It is necessary to undergo treatment in a timely manner so that the disease does not develop into eczema.
Eczema.
Acute and chronic skin disease. Eczema is indicated by the following symptoms:
- swelling of the skin;
- redness of the epidermis;
- reddish nodules, which later burst and form a weeping surface - erosion;
- itching - constant and severe.
Treating eczema is a long and arduous process.
Psoriasis.
The disease has another name - squamous lichen. The disease is indicated chronic form, with characteristic eruptions in the form of papules.
Lichen.
Deprive pink - has an acute course of the disease along with inflammatory and painful processes.
Symptoms manifest themselves:
- flaky spots of a red tint;
- seasonal course of the disease (manifested in the autumn and spring time).
Deprive the red - has a chronic course of the disease.
The disease is due to the following symptoms:
- a rash similar to a nodular rash;
- severe itching.
Diseases of the skin glands.
Acne is inherent in adolescence, and is also another sign of existing seborrhea.
In addition, acne can occur due to an imbalance in the process of sweating as a result of stressful situations and other severe psychological shocks.
List of skin conditions
At this stage, medical science knows skin diseases in the form of:
- abscess of the skin;
- acrodermatitis atrophic;
- atopic dermatitis;
- bullosa epidermolysis;
- freckles;
- wine stains;
- dermatitis herpetiformis;
- herpes of the skin;
- hyperkeratosis;
- dermatitis of various etiologies;
- calcification of the skin;
- carbuncles;
- keloid scar;
- epidermal, trichodermal cysts;
- rhombic skin in the back of the head;
- urticaria of different etiology;
- lupus erythematosus;
- lichen planus;
- lichen monolithic red;
- lentigo;
- leprosy;
- livedoadenitis;
- lymphatoid papulosis;
- lipoid necrobiosis of the skin;
- depriving atrophic;
- mycoses;
- corns and calluses;
- coin eczema;
- mucinosis of the skin;
- pigmentation incontinence;
- neurodermatitis;
- neurofibromatosis;
- burns;
Necessity and main methods of treatment
Before proceeding with the treatment of a skin ailment, it is necessary to conduct certain studies in the form of tests that will help identify the cause of the disease and determine the desired treatment.
Therapeutic treatment of skin ailments is determined by the following methods of stopping certain diseases:
- dietary food- aimed at the necessary assimilation of nutrients by the body;
- medications- used to raise immunity;
- antibiotics- prescribed for severe forms of disease;
- local therapy- treatment with ointments, creams and sprays prescribed to influence the disease externally.
With especially severe forms of skin ailments, hormonal therapy is prescribed, which effectively affects the focus of the infection itself and the body as a whole.
Basic preventive measures
Often, the very process of healing skin diseases is not only difficult, but also quite long. Therefore, in order to avoid such therapy, it is more advisable to take all available preventive measures in advance to prevent the onset and development of any skin disease.
It is necessary to raise immunity, especially in the off-season, to cleanse the liver, blood and the whole body from toxins, toxins, and allergens.
Compliance with all hygiene standards, rules healthy eating(food should be rational and balanced), maintaining a normal and correct lifestyle, is the key to clean and beautiful skin.
And in conclusion, based on the origin and symptoms of any type of skin ailment, it is possible not only to identify the ailment in a timely manner, but also to stop it without aggravating consequences and complications for a person.
What factors are associated with the increase in the number of skin diseases in recent years, how does self-medication affect the health of patients, whether non-observance of the work and rest regimen can cause dermatological ailments - these and other questions of concern to many will be answered by dermatovenerologist V.V. Suchkov.
In this lesson, you will learn about the internal and external causes of skin damage. What degrees of burns are there and their characteristics. What is the first aid for burns and frostbite. What is prohibited in cases of burns and frostbite. On the prevention of ringworm and the symptoms of scabies.
BIOLOGY 8 CLASS
Topic: Metabolism and Energy. Urinary system. leather
Lesson 53. Skin Disorders and Causes of Skin Damage
Shevyakhova Yulia Olegovna
biology teacher of the highest category, laureate of the PNPO prize, TsO No. 1445
The skin is a very important human organ that protects our internal organs from mechanical damage and water loss. But, unfortunately, the skin can be disturbed.
Usually distinguish between internal and external reasons violations of the normal state of the skin.
Internal reasons may include inaccuracies in the diet, lack of vitamins, hormonal dysregulation, contact with substances, allergic.
Careless handling of fire, prolonged exposure to the sun can lead to skin burns.
According to the strength of damage, burns are divided into 4 degrees:
1st degree - redness of the skin of burned areas of the skin, swelling, pain.
2nd degree - the appearance of blisters filled with a clear yellowish liquid, severe pain.
3rd degree - damage to the deep layers of the skin, the appearance of crusts - scabs
4th degree - carbonization of the skin, subcutaneous fatty tissue and soft tissues.
First aid for burns:
Remove the damaging factor.
Cool the place of the burn, if the burn is of the 1st or 2nd degree, then cool it with running water (10-15 minutes); in case of a 3-4 degree burn, a sterile wet bandage should be applied and, together with the bandage, cool the burned part of the body in standing water.
Cover the burn surface with a dry, sterile dressing and consult a doctor.
It is forbidden to lubricate the burn surface with oil, cream, ointment, protein, etc .; apply foam "Panthenol" to the newly burnt place; pierce the bubbles.
After exposure to the skin and mucous membranes of acids, alkalis and phosphorus, chemical burns occur.
Acid burns are usually deep, a dry scab forms at the burn site.
First aid for acid burns
Remove acid-soaked clothing.
Wash affected areas with 2% baking soda solution or soapy water to neutralize acid.
Apply a dry bandage.
Tissues that have died under the influence of alkalis are moist, therefore alkali burns are more severe than acid burns.
First aid for burns with alkalis
Alkaline-soaked clothing must be removed.
Rinse affected areas abundantly under running water.
Wash the affected areas with a 2% boric acid solution, citric acid solution or vinegar.
Apply dry bandages and see a doctor
Skin contact low temperatures(cold) frostbite may occur.
Frostbite, like burns, is divided into 4 degrees.
Frostbite of the 1st degree is manifested by cyanosis, painful itching, after warming, there is a blue or purple-red edema of the skin and loss of sensitivity. Healing occurs in 3-4 days.
First aid: restore blood circulation to the damaged area with gentle rubbing. Rubbing should be damaged carefully so as not to damage the skin. After that, it is advisable to wipe the skin with alcohol, vodka or cologne and wrap the frostbitten area. It is useful to give the victim a warming drink (warm tea, coffee).
Do not rub the skin with snow, as its crystals can damage the skin and cause it to become infected.
The disease is highly contagious, but it can be prevented if you follow simple rules: do not wash with a common washcloth, do not use other people's slippers and other people's clothes. After contact with animals (cats and dogs), wash your hands thoroughly, do not touch their hair with your face.
If you suspect that a person is sick with ringworm, you should immediately consult a doctor.
The skin, like any organ of our body, needs care and hygiene. Do not forget about this and be healthy.
* How does a tan form? What is the function of the sweat and sebaceous glands? Why do the ducts of the sebaceous glands flow into the hair follicle, where the hair roots are located? Tell us about the function of nails. Why shouldn't you gnaw them? What are the properties of oily, dry and normal skin?
Causes of skin disorders Usually distinguish between internal and external causes of violations of the normal state of the skin. Internal reasons may include inaccuracies in the diet, contact with substances that cause allergies, hormonal dysregulation, and lack of vitamins.
The effect on the condition of the skin of the lack of vitamins is especially great (see also § 38). If there is not enough vitamin A, the skin becomes dry, cracks, darkens, and baldness often occurs. A lack of vitamin B2 can lead to cracks in the corners of the mouth, to broken nails, to eczema, and a lack of vitamin C can lead to subcutaneous hemorrhages.
Light thermal burns cause a burning sensation. The skin is swollen and reddened. The fired area is cooled under running water. Then wipe with cologne or a weak solution of potassium permanganate. If bubbles form, a bandage is applied after they burst.
Acid-burned skin (chemical burn) is first washed with running water, and then with a 2% baking soda solution. If alkali gets on the skin, then it is first washed off with water, and then treated with weak solutions of acetic or citric acid. After these procedures, the affected area is washed again with clean water and a sterile bandage is applied.
Skin diseases Fungal skin diseases. One of the most common fungal skin diseases is ringworm. This disease received this name because the hair on the infected areas of the skin becomes fragile. They break off, and one gets the impression that they were cut off in these places.
If there is a suspicion that a person or animal is sick with ringworm, you should contact the clinic, and show the animal to the veterinarian. The room in which the sick animal was located, the things that the sick person used, are thoroughly disinfected.
The tick attacks the lateral surfaces of the fingers, the inner surfaces of the thighs. The sick person often scratches the affected area. Microbes are introduced into the combs, and serious complications arise. If there is a suspicion of scabies, you should immediately consult a doctor.
The disease can be cured in a few days if it is not started. It should be borne in mind that infection can occur not only through direct contact, but also when using things that the patient had: bed and underwear, notebooks, toys.
